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 ENGLISH LANGUAGE Communication SKILLS DownloadUNIT I1. Role and Importance of Communication2. Verbal and Non-verbal Communication3. Barriers to Communication4. Communication Mediums5. Effective Coinmunication6. Group Communication7. Making Presentations8. Spoken and Written English9. Etiquette and Manners10. Vocabulary Development11. ComprehensionUNIT III12. Principles of Letter Writing13. Layout of Letters . 14. Enquiries and Replies 15. Complaints and Replies 16. Memos, Circulars, Notices 17. Paragraph Writing 18. Writing Scientific and Technical Reports 19. Drafting and Delivering a Speech UNIT IV 20. Articles 21. Tenses 22. Active and Passive Voice 23. Direct and Indirect Speech 24. Degrees of Comparison 25. Common Errors 26. Concepts of Learning and Listening |  Chapter 1: Punctuation Power-Up 3 Chapter 2: Agreement 19 Chapter 3: Modifiers—Are Yours Misplaced or Dangling? 37 Chapter 4: Sentence Sense 45 Chapter 5: Building Paragraphs from the Ground Up 123 Chapter 6: Acing the Essay 179 Chapter 7: Writing Boot Camp 195 Chapter 8: Literary Response Writing Prompts 267 Chapter 9: Critical Reading 293 Glossary |
 Introduction 1 John Polkinghorne 1 Is mathematics discovered or invented? 3 Timothy Gowers Comment 13 Gideon Rosen 2 Exploring the mathematical library of Babel 17 Marcus du Sautoy Comment 26 Mark Steiner 3 Mathematical reality 27 John Polkinghorne Comment 35 Mary Leng Reply 39 John Polkinghorne 4 Mathematics, the mind, and the physical world 41 Roger Penrose Comment 46 Michael Detlefsen 5 Mathematical understanding 49 Peter Lipton Addendum 55 Stewart Shapiro 6 Creation and discovery in mathematics 61 Mary Leng Comment 70 Michael Detlefsen 7 Discovery, invention and realism: Gödel and others on the reality of concepts 73 Michael Detlefsen Comment 95 John Polkinghorne 8 Mathematics and objectivity 97 Stewart Shapiro Comment 109 Gideon Rosen Reply 112 Stewart Shapiro 9 The reality of mathematical objects 113 Gideon Rosen Comment 132 Timothy Gowers 10 Getting more out of mathematics than what we put in 135 Mark Steiner Comment 144 Marcus du Sautoy References 147 |  English Skills with Readings, 7th Edition Download EXEMPLIFICATION All the Good Things Sister Helen Mrosla 628 Joe Davis: A Cool Man Beth Johnson 649 What Good Families Are Doing Right Delores Curran 662 Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name James Lincoln Collier 686 “Extra Large,” Please Diane Urbina 718 How They Get You toDo That Janny Scott 701 Dealing with Feelings Rudolph F. Verderber 711 Rudeness at the Movies Bill Wine 740 The Most Hateful Words Amy Tan 726 The Storyteller H. H. Munro (“Saki”) 732 PROCESS Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name James Lincoln Collier 686 Let’s Really Reform Our Schools Anita Garland 693 COMPARISON OR CONTRAST Rowing the Bus Paul Logan 634 Joe Davis: A Cool Man Beth Johnson 649 The Fist, the Clay, and the Rock Donald Holland 657 “Extra Large,” Please Diane Urbina 718 The Most Hateful Words Amy Tan 726 DEFINITION What Good Families Are Doing Right Delores Curran 662 Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name James Lincoln Collier 686 The Storyteller H. H. Munro (“Saki”) 732 The Fist, the Clay, and the Rock Donald Holland 657 DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION Dealing with Feelings Rudolph F. Verderber 711 The Fist, the Clay, and the Rock Donald Holland 657 DESCRIPTION Rowing the Bus Paul Logan 634 Joe Davis: A Cool Man Beth Johnson 649 Rudeness at the Movies Bill Wine 740 From Father to Son, Last Words to Live by Dana Canedy 747 CAUSE AND EFFECT The Scholarship Jacket Marta Salinas 642 Joe Davis: A Cool Man Beth Johnson 649 “Extra Large,” Please Diane Urbina 718 Do It Better! Ben Carson, M.D., with Cecil Murphey 676 Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name James Lincoln Collier 686 Let’s Really Reform Our Schools Anita Garland 693 How They Get You to Do That Janny Scott 701 Dealing with Feelings Rudolph F. Verderber 711 The Most Hateful Words Amy Tan 726 Rudeness at the Movies Bill Wine 740 A Drunken Ride, a Tragic Aftermath Theresa Conroy and Christine M. Johnson 753 NARRATION All the Good Things Sister Helen Mrosla 628 Rowing the Bus Paul Logan 634 The Scholarship Jacket Marta Salinas 642 From Father to Son, Last Words to Live by Dana Canedy 747 Do It Better! Ben Carson, M.D., with Cecil Murphey 676 The Most Hateful Words Amy Tan 726 The Storyteller H. H. Munro (“Saki”) 732 A Drunken Ride, a Tragic Aftermath Theresa Conroy and Christine M. Johnson 753 ARGUMENT The Scholarship Jacket Marta Salinas 642 Joe Davis: A Cool Man Beth Johnson 649 Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name James Lincoln Collier 686 Let’s Really Reform Our Schools Anita Garland 693 Rudeness at the Movies Bill Wine 740 “Extra Large,” Please Diane Urbina 718 Readings |
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 CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv PART ONE BUILDING THE FOUNDATION It All Begins with You 3 Structure 3 Your Life and Your Business 4 What Is Your Current Situation? 5 What Are Your Interests, Talents, or Expertise? 7 What Are Your Desires? 8 Your Ideal Day 10 Guest Expert Article: Creating Abundance In Your Career (Thomas L. Pauley and Penelope J. Pauley) 11 Select the Best Business Model for You 17 Bring Your Off-Line Business Online 17 Guest Expert Article: Get Your Real Estate Business Online (Larry Goins) 21 Sales of Physical Products 23 Support Services for the World Wide Web 26 News and General Information Sites 26 Blogs 28 Entertainment Sites 31 Auction Sites 33 Affi liate Sales Sites 33 Social Networking Sites/Forums 34 Sale of Information Products 36 Education Sites 37 Guest Expert Article: Educating for Entrepreneurship (Rhea Perry) 38 Membership Sites 40 Multilevel Marketing/Network Marketing 40 Guest Expert Article: Geometric Giving: The Easy Way to Donate $1 Million a Month to Charity (Paulie Sabol) 43 Gambling and Adult Sites 46 A Closer Look at Online Auctions 50 Getting Started on eBay 51 What to Sell? 54 Pricing 56 Buying for Resale on Auction Sites 58 Promoting Your Auctions 60 Shipping 60 Timing Your Auction 61 The Path of the PowerSeller 62 Treat it like a Real Business 63 Bells and Whistles 64 How to Leverage eBay 64 Guest Expert Article: eBay and Beyond (Jim Cochrum) 65 A Closer Look at Affi liate Sales Sites 70 Advantages 70 Making Money as an Affi liate 71 How to Select Merchant Partners 72 Include Valuable Content 77 Google AdSense 78 Marketing through Social Networking Sites 80 Guest Expert Article: Use MySpace to Build Your eBay Business (Adam Ginsberg) 81 Guest Expert Article: A New Model of Social Networking (Sam Heyer) 83 Create Your Own Information Products 87 What Is an Information Product? 87 Determining Demand 88 Delivery 89 Benefi ts of Information Products 89 Guest Expert Article: What’s the Best Product to Sell Online? Why, Information, of Course (Tim Knox) 90 Guest Expert Article: How to Make and Sell a Video Product at Zero Cost (Nerissa Oden) 95 PART TWO THE ACTION STEPS Set Up Your Web Site 105 Equip Yourself 105 Get Your Piece of Internet Real Estate 106 Guest Expert Article: Profi tably Naming Your New Internet Business (Marcia Yudkin) 107 Find the Best Web Host 110 Set Up Your Infrastructure 111 Design Your Web Site 114 Physical Construction of Your Site 117 The Single-Page Sales Site 119 Guest Expert Article: Three Secrets to Making Your Sales Letters Sell (Mark Hendricks) 121 Get the Word Out 127 E-Mail Marketing 127 Articles 128 Search Engine Optimization 129 Your Blog 132 Branding 134 Joint Ventures 134 Your Affi liate Program 139 Newsletters 140 Newsgroups 140 Press Releases/Public Relations 140 Guest Expert Article: Publicity Secrets to Attain Massive Success for Your Internet Business (Annie Jennings) 141 Teleseminars and Webinars 145 Guest Expert Article: Webinars—The Future of Online Marketing (Jim Edwards) 145 Other Ways to Increase Traffi c and Grow Your List 147 Guest Expert Article: Build Your List with Pay per Click (Simon Leung) 150 Guest Expert Article: Made You Look! (Wendi Friesen) 152 Make it Hypnotic! 157 What Is Hypnotic Writing? 158 The Formula for Causing Action 159 The Updated Formula 162 What about Your Web Site? 163 How Long Is Too Long? 166 How People Think 167 How to Create Hypnotic Stories 168 Reminders as Triggers 170 Guest Expert Article: Buying Trances: The Real Secret to Hypnotic Selling (Dr. Joe Vitale) 171 Changing Average Writing into Hypnotic Writing 176 Final Thoughts 181 PART THREE GROW YOUR BUSINESS! It’s All About Quality 185 No Place to Hide 186 Deliver on Customer Service 186 Go Beyond Your Customer’s Expectations 187 Guest Expert Article: Make Sure Your Customers Actually Get the Benefi ts (Bill Harris) 188 Build Your Business Support Network 194 The Power of the Mastermind Group 194 Guest Expert Article: Mastermind Groups for Internet Marketers (Bill Hibbler) 195 The Fine Art of Delegation 198 Comply with Cyber Law 200 Spam 200 Copyrights 201 Trademarks 201 Free Speech 202 Guest Expert Article: Legal Issues for Internet Marketers (Bob Silber) 202 Plan for Success 205 Your Business Plan 205 Incorporation 207 Guest Expert Article: How to Predict Your Way to Wealth (Mike Mograbi) 208 |  The Linguistics of Eating and Drinking Download Table of contents Preface vii A cross-linguistic overview of ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ 1 John Newman How transitive are eat and drink verbs? 27 Åshild Næss Quirky alternations of transitivity: The case of ingestive predicates 45 Mengistu Amberber All people eat and drink: Does this mean that ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ are universal human concepts? 65 Anna Wierzbicka ‘Eating’, ‘drinking’ and ‘smoking’: a generic verb and its semantics in Manambu 91 Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald Athapaskan eating and drinking verbs and constructions 109 Sally Rice The semantic evolution of EAT-expressions: Ways and byways 153 Peter Hook & Prashant Pardeshi Literal and figurative uses of Japanese EAT and DRINK 173 Toshiko Yamaguchi What (not) to eat or drink: Metaphor and metonymy of eating and drinking in Korean 195 Jae Jung Song Metaphorical extensions of ‘eat’ ⇒ [overcome] and ‘drink’ ⇒ [undergo] in Hausa 229 Philip J. Jaggar & Malami Buba Amharic eat and drink verbs 253 John Newman & Daniel Aberra Table of contents Author index 273 Language index 277 Subject index 279 |
 Photographers Forum 2011 winter Download BOOK REVIEW by Amanda Quintenz-Fiedler Gregory Crewdson: In a Lonely Place NOTED by Amanda Quintenz-Fiedler A snapshot look at four new photography books. NEW PRODUCTS DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY Wacom: The Next Generation by Cynthia Anderson FEATURE Kenro Izu: An Architecture of Faith by Claire Sykes The photographer’s keen eye, huge portable camera and fascination with sacred places take him on global travels. PROFILE The World of Charles Grogg by Nell Campbell Grogg’s fractured and reconnected images become metaphors for the bound and unbound world. WINNERS 31st Annual Spring Photography Contest INTERVIEW Rich Clarkson A Perfectionist with Flexibility by Ken Lassiter A conversation with the veteran photographer, journalist, publisher, promoter, producer, teacher… and rabid sports fan. WORKSHOPS A listing of classes and workshops in the U.S and abroad. |  Permaculture PLANTS DownloadContents INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF PERMACULTURE PROPAGATING PLANTS THE PIONEERS TAGASASTE (Chamaecytisus palmensis) 15 TREE LUPIN (Lupinus arboreus) 17 WATTLES (Acacia spp) 17 ALBIZIAS (Albizia spp) 22 CASUARINAS (Casuarina spp) 22 ROSEWOOD (Tipuana tipu) 24 LEUCAENA (Leucaena spp) 24 ALDERS (Alnus spp) 26 MIRACLE PLANT (Lespedeza bicolor) 27 BLACK LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia) 28 HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos) 28 ICE CREAM BEAN (Inga spp) THE NUTS MACADAMIA (Macadamia spp WALNUTS (Juglans spp CHESTNUTS (Castanea spp CHINQUAPINS (Chrysolepis spp ALMONDS (Prunus amygdalus HAZELNUT (Corylus spp PECAN (Carya illinoensis PISTACHIO NUTS (Pistacia spp BUNYA BUNYA Arau(caria idwibllii) PINES WITH EDIBLE NUTS (Pinus spp) JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis, syn. Simmondsia californica COLOUR PLATES THE FRUITS FIGS (Ficus spp MULBERRIES (Morus spp PERSIMMON (Diospyros kaki OLIVE (Olea uroepaea) JUJUBE (Ziziphus psp LOQUAT (Eriobotrya japonica ACEROLA, BARBADOS CHERRY (Malpighia glabra PAPAYA (Carica papaya HIGHLAND PAPAYAS (Carica spp PEPINO (Solanum uricamtum TAMARILLO (Cyphomandra betacea CAPULI Pru(nus salicifolia WHITE SAPOTE (Casimiroa deulis LUCUMA (Pouteria obovata, syn. Pouteria lucmo, Lucumo obovata). SAPODILLA (Manilkara zapota, syn. Achras sapota PASSIONFRUIT (Passiflora spp CHERIMOYAS (Annona spp Permaculture Plants: A Selection PAWPAW (Asimina triloba GUAVAS (Psidium spp FEIJOA (Feijoa sellowiana UGNI (Ugni molinaea, syn. Myrtus ugni, Ugni molinae LlLLIPILLIs (Eugenia spp. Acmena spp. Syzigium spp BLUEBERRIES (Vaccinium spp FUCHSIA (Fuchsia spp) HACKBERRY (Celtis Australis IRISH STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus unedo) JAPANESE RAISIN TREE (Hovenia dulcis OTHER UTILITY PLANTS CAROB Ceratonia iliqSua OAKS Quercus psp BEECHES (Fagus spp WILLOWS (Salix spp POPLARS (Populus pps CASTOR (Ricinus ommcunis CAPE LILAC Me( liaazedarach NEEM (Azadirachta ndiica INDIAN BEECH (Derris indica COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster pps DOGWOOD (Cornuscapitata COPROSMA (Coprosma repens HORSERADISH TREE, DRUMSTICK (Moringa oleifera CHINESE TALLOW TREE (Sapium esbiferum MOUNTAIN ASH, ROWAN (Sorbus aucuparia, syn. Sorbus edulis BOX ELDER MAPLE A(cer negundo, syn. Negundo aceroides CEDARS (Cedrus spp EUCALYPTS (Eucalyptus spp BAMBOOS FAST GROWING, TALL, PERENNIAL GRASSES, SUITABLE AS LOCKUP FODDER PALMS WITH UTILITY TO MAN UTILITY LISTS TREES AND SHRUBS WITH LOW FIRE POTENTIAL GROUND COVER WITH LOW FIRE POTENTIAL MEDICINAL HERBS FOR LIVESTOCK BEE FORAGE SYSTEM COMPANION PLANTS WATER PLANTS UTILITY SUBMERGED PLANTS UTILITY FLOATING - LEAVED PLANTS UTILITY EMERGENT PLANTS UTILITY PLANTS OF MARGINS AND WATER MEADOWS DIFFICULT SITES SALT TOLERANT FODDER SPECIES SALT TOLERANT REEST PLANTS WHICH SURVIVE RIGHT TO THE OCEAN PLANTS TOLERANT OF ALKALINE SOILS INDEX |
 List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Road Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 P2P Applications 5 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Distributed Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 Internet Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 File Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Voice over IP and Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.5 Video Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3 P2P Network Architectures 29 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 Structured P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2.1 Chord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.2.2 CAN (Content Addressable Network) . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.3 Other Structured Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Unstructured (Mesh) P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4 Hybrid P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.5 Network Architecture with QoS Provisioning . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5.1 AAA Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.2 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.3 Dynamic QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.4 Service Brokerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.6 Video Streaming Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 Topology Control 55 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2 A General Framework for Distributed Topology Control . . . 58 4.3 Structured Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4 Unstructured Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5 Network-Coding-Based Distributed Topology Control . . . . 69 4.6 Energy Efficient Distributed Topology Control in a Wireless P2P System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5 Incentives 75 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2 Incentive Issues in P2P Systems on the Internet . . . . . . . 78 5.2.1 File Sharing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.2.1.1 BitTorrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2.1.2 Hierarchical P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1.3 Payment-Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1.4 Cost of Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.2.1.5 Reciprocity and Reputation-Based Systems . 84 5.2.1.6 Penalty-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.1.7 Game Theoretic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.1.8 Auction-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2.1.9 Exchange-Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.2.2 Media Streaming Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.2.2.1 Layered Many-to-One Streaming . . . . . . . 95 5.2.2.2 Multicast One-to-Many Streaming . . . . . . 99 5.2.2.3 Coalition-Based Media Streaming . . . . . . 105 5.3 Incentive Issues in Wireless P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3.1 Routing and Data Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3.2 Wireless Information Sharing Systems . . . . . . . . . 112 5.3.3 Network Access Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.4 Wireless P2P Media Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.4.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.4.2 Two Neighboring Clients . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.3.4.3 Three Neighboring Clients . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.3.4.4 The General Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.5 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.7 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6 Trust 129 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.1.1 Trust Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.2 EigenTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.3 PeerTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.4 Trust-χ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.5 FuzzyTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.6 Game Theoretic Analysis on Trust Management . 6.7 SuperTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.8 PowerTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.9 GossipTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.10 Trust Establishment in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 150 6.10.1 Symmetric Key-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.10.1.1 Deterministic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes 150 6.10.1.2 Probabilistic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes . 151 6.10.2 Asymmetric Key-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.11 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.13 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7 Security Issues 159 7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 7.2 Content Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 7.3 Buffer Map Cheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7.4 Sybil Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.5 DDoS Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 7.6 P2P Worm Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.7 P2P SIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.8 Collusive Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.9 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.11 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 8 Conclusions 171 8.1 Where Are We Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8.2 Peer into the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 |
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv PART ONE BUILDING THE FOUNDATION It All Begins with You 3 Structure 3 Your Life and Your Business 4 What Is Your Current Situation? 5 What Are Your Interests, Talents, or Expertise? 7 What Are Your Desires? 8 Your Ideal Day 10 Guest Expert Article: Creating Abundance In Your Career (Thomas L. Pauley and Penelope J. Pauley) 11 Select the Best Business Model for You 17 Bring Your Off-Line Business Online 17 Guest Expert Article: Get Your Real Estate Business Online (Larry Goins) 21 Sales of Physical Products 23 Support Services for the World Wide Web 26 News and General Information Sites 26 Blogs 28 Entertainment Sites 31 Auction Sites 33 Affi liate Sales Sites 33 Social Networking Sites/Forums 34 Sale of Information Products 36 Education Sites 37 Guest Expert Article: Educating for Entrepreneurship (Rhea Perry) 38 Membership Sites 40 Multilevel Marketing/Network Marketing 40 Guest Expert Article: Geometric Giving: The Easy Way to Donate $1 Million a Month to Charity (Paulie Sabol) 43 Gambling and Adult Sites 46 A Closer Look at Online Auctions 50 Getting Started on eBay 51 What to Sell? 54 Pricing 56 Buying for Resale on Auction Sites 58 Promoting Your Auctions 60 Shipping 60 Timing Your Auction 61 The Path of the PowerSeller 62 Treat it like a Real Business 63 Bells and Whistles 64 How to Leverage eBay 64 Guest Expert Article: eBay and Beyond (Jim Cochrum) 65 A Closer Look at Affi liate Sales Sites 70 Advantages 70 Making Money as an Affi liate 71 How to Select Merchant Partners 72 Include Valuable Content 77 Google AdSense 78 Marketing through Social Networking Sites 80 Guest Expert Article: Use MySpace to Build Your eBay Business (Adam Ginsberg) 81 Guest Expert Article: A New Model of Social Networking (Sam Heyer) 83 Create Your Own Information Products 87 What Is an Information Product? 87 Determining Demand 88 Delivery 89 Benefi ts of Information Products 89 Guest Expert Article: What’s the Best Product to Sell Online? Why, Information, of Course (Tim Knox) 90 Guest Expert Article: How to Make and Sell a Video Product at Zero Cost (Nerissa Oden) 95 PART TWO THE ACTION STEPS Set Up Your Web Site 105 Equip Yourself 105 Get Your Piece of Internet Real Estate 106 Guest Expert Article: Profi tably Naming Your New Internet Business (Marcia Yudkin) 107 Find the Best Web Host 110 Set Up Your Infrastructure 111 Design Your Web Site 114 Physical Construction of Your Site 117 The Single-Page Sales Site 119 Guest Expert Article: Three Secrets to Making Your Sales Letters Sell (Mark Hendricks) 121 Get the Word Out 127 E-Mail Marketing 127 Articles 128 Search Engine Optimization 129 Your Blog 132 Branding 134 Joint Ventures 134 Your Affi liate Program 139 Newsletters 140 Newsgroups 140 Press Releases/Public Relations 140 Guest Expert Article: Publicity Secrets to Attain Massive Success for Your Internet Business (Annie Jennings) 141 Teleseminars and Webinars 145 Guest Expert Article: Webinars—The Future of Online Marketing (Jim Edwards) 145 Other Ways to Increase Traffi c and Grow Your List 147 Guest Expert Article: Build Your List with Pay per Click (Simon Leung) 150 Guest Expert Article: Made You Look! (Wendi Friesen) 152 Make it Hypnotic! 157 What Is Hypnotic Writing? 158 The Formula for Causing Action 159 The Updated Formula 162 What about Your Web Site? 163 How Long Is Too Long? 166 How People Think 167 How to Create Hypnotic Stories 168 Reminders as Triggers 170 Guest Expert Article: Buying Trances: The Real Secret to Hypnotic Selling (Dr. Joe Vitale) 171 Changing Average Writing into Hypnotic Writing 176 Final Thoughts 181 PART THREE GROW YOUR BUSINESS! It’s All About Quality 185 No Place to Hide 186 Deliver on Customer Service 186 Go Beyond Your Customer’s Expectations 187 Guest Expert Article: Make Sure Your Customers Actually Get the Benefi ts (Bill Harris) 188 Build Your Business Support Network 194 The Power of the Mastermind Group 194 Guest Expert Article: Mastermind Groups for Internet Marketers (Bill Hibbler) 195 The Fine Art of Delegation 198 Comply with Cyber Law 200 Spam 200 Copyrights 201 Trademarks 201 Free Speech 202 Guest Expert Article: Legal Issues for Internet Marketers (Bob Silber) 202 Plan for Success 205 Your Business Plan 205 Incorporation 207 Guest Expert Article: How to Predict Your Way to Wealth (Mike Mograbi) 208 | The Linguistics of Eating and Drinking Download Table of contents Preface vii A cross-linguistic overview of ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ 1 John Newman How transitive are eat and drink verbs? 27 Åshild Næss Quirky alternations of transitivity: The case of ingestive predicates 45 Mengistu Amberber All people eat and drink: Does this mean that ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ are universal human concepts? 65 Anna Wierzbicka ‘Eating’, ‘drinking’ and ‘smoking’: a generic verb and its semantics in Manambu 91 Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald Athapaskan eating and drinking verbs and constructions 109 Sally Rice The semantic evolution of EAT-expressions: Ways and byways 153 Peter Hook & Prashant Pardeshi Literal and figurative uses of Japanese EAT and DRINK 173 Toshiko Yamaguchi What (not) to eat or drink: Metaphor and metonymy of eating and drinking in Korean 195 Jae Jung Song Metaphorical extensions of ‘eat’ ⇒ [overcome] and ‘drink’ ⇒ [undergo] in Hausa 229 Philip J. Jaggar & Malami Buba Amharic eat and drink verbs 253 John Newman & Daniel Aberra Table of contents Author index 273 Language index 277 Subject index 279 |
Photographers Forum 2011 winter Download BOOK REVIEW by Amanda Quintenz-Fiedler Gregory Crewdson: In a Lonely Place NOTED by Amanda Quintenz-Fiedler A snapshot look at four new photography books. NEW PRODUCTS DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY Wacom: The Next Generation by Cynthia Anderson FEATURE Kenro Izu: An Architecture of Faith by Claire Sykes The photographer’s keen eye, huge portable camera and fascination with sacred places take him on global travels. PROFILE The World of Charles Grogg by Nell Campbell Grogg’s fractured and reconnected images become metaphors for the bound and unbound world. WINNERS 31st Annual Spring Photography Contest INTERVIEW Rich Clarkson A Perfectionist with Flexibility by Ken Lassiter A conversation with the veteran photographer, journalist, publisher, promoter, producer, teacher… and rabid sports fan. WORKSHOPS A listing of classes and workshops in the U.S and abroad. | Permaculture PLANTS Download Contents INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF PERMACULTURE PROPAGATING PLANTS THE PIONEERS TAGASASTE (Chamaecytisus palmensis) 15 TREE LUPIN (Lupinus arboreus) 17 WATTLES (Acacia spp) 17 ALBIZIAS (Albizia spp) 22 CASUARINAS (Casuarina spp) 22 ROSEWOOD (Tipuana tipu) 24 LEUCAENA (Leucaena spp) 24 ALDERS (Alnus spp) 26 MIRACLE PLANT (Lespedeza bicolor) 27 BLACK LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia) 28 HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos) 28 ICE CREAM BEAN (Inga spp) THE NUTS MACADAMIA (Macadamia spp WALNUTS (Juglans spp CHESTNUTS (Castanea spp CHINQUAPINS (Chrysolepis spp ALMONDS (Prunus amygdalus HAZELNUT (Corylus spp PECAN (Carya illinoensis PISTACHIO NUTS (Pistacia spp BUNYA BUNYA Arau(caria idwibllii) PINES WITH EDIBLE NUTS (Pinus spp) JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis, syn. Simmondsia californica COLOUR PLATES THE FRUITS FIGS (Ficus spp MULBERRIES (Morus spp PERSIMMON (Diospyros kaki OLIVE (Olea uroepaea) JUJUBE (Ziziphus psp LOQUAT (Eriobotrya japonica ACEROLA, BARBADOS CHERRY (Malpighia glabra PAPAYA (Carica papaya HIGHLAND PAPAYAS (Carica spp PEPINO (Solanum uricamtum TAMARILLO (Cyphomandra betacea CAPULI Pru(nus salicifolia WHITE SAPOTE (Casimiroa deulis LUCUMA (Pouteria obovata, syn. Pouteria lucmo, Lucumo obovata). SAPODILLA (Manilkara zapota, syn. Achras sapota PASSIONFRUIT (Passiflora spp CHERIMOYAS (Annona spp Permaculture Plants: A Selection PAWPAW (Asimina triloba GUAVAS (Psidium spp FEIJOA (Feijoa sellowiana UGNI (Ugni molinaea, syn. Myrtus ugni, Ugni molinae LlLLIPILLIs (Eugenia spp. Acmena spp. Syzigium spp BLUEBERRIES (Vaccinium spp FUCHSIA (Fuchsia spp) HACKBERRY (Celtis Australis IRISH STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus unedo) JAPANESE RAISIN TREE (Hovenia dulcis OTHER UTILITY PLANTS CAROB Ceratonia iliqSua OAKS Quercus psp BEECHES (Fagus spp WILLOWS (Salix spp POPLARS (Populus pps CASTOR (Ricinus ommcunis CAPE LILAC Me( liaazedarach NEEM (Azadirachta ndiica INDIAN BEECH (Derris indica COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster pps DOGWOOD (Cornuscapitata COPROSMA (Coprosma repens HORSERADISH TREE, DRUMSTICK (Moringa oleifera CHINESE TALLOW TREE (Sapium esbiferum MOUNTAIN ASH, ROWAN (Sorbus aucuparia, syn. Sorbus edulis BOX ELDER MAPLE A(cer negundo, syn. Negundo aceroides CEDARS (Cedrus spp EUCALYPTS (Eucalyptus spp BAMBOOS FAST GROWING, TALL, PERENNIAL GRASSES, SUITABLE AS LOCKUP FODDER PALMS WITH UTILITY TO MAN UTILITY LISTS TREES AND SHRUBS WITH LOW FIRE POTENTIAL GROUND COVER WITH LOW FIRE POTENTIAL MEDICINAL HERBS FOR LIVESTOCK BEE FORAGE SYSTEM COMPANION PLANTS WATER PLANTS UTILITY SUBMERGED PLANTS UTILITY FLOATING - LEAVED PLANTS UTILITY EMERGENT PLANTS UTILITY PLANTS OF MARGINS AND WATER MEADOWS DIFFICULT SITES SALT TOLERANT FODDER SPECIES SALT TOLERANT REEST PLANTS WHICH SURVIVE RIGHT TO THE OCEAN PLANTS TOLERANT OF ALKALINE SOILS INDEX |
List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Road Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 P2P Applications 5 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Distributed Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 Internet Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 File Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Voice over IP and Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.5 Video Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3 P2P Network Architectures 29 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 Structured P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2.1 Chord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.2.2 CAN (Content Addressable Network) . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.3 Other Structured Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Unstructured (Mesh) P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4 Hybrid P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.5 Network Architecture with QoS Provisioning . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5.1 AAA Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.2 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.3 Dynamic QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5.4 Service Brokerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.6 Video Streaming Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 Topology Control 55 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2 A General Framework for Distributed Topology Control . . . 58 4.3 Structured Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4 Unstructured Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5 Network-Coding-Based Distributed Topology Control . . . . 69 4.6 Energy Efficient Distributed Topology Control in a Wireless P2P System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5 Incentives 75 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2 Incentive Issues in P2P Systems on the Internet . . . . . . . 78 5.2.1 File Sharing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.2.1.1 BitTorrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2.1.2 Hierarchical P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1.3 Payment-Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1.4 Cost of Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.2.1.5 Reciprocity and Reputation-Based Systems . 84 5.2.1.6 Penalty-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.1.7 Game Theoretic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.1.8 Auction-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2.1.9 Exchange-Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.2.2 Media Streaming Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.2.2.1 Layered Many-to-One Streaming . . . . . . . 95 5.2.2.2 Multicast One-to-Many Streaming . . . . . . 99 5.2.2.3 Coalition-Based Media Streaming . . . . . . 105 5.3 Incentive Issues in Wireless P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3.1 Routing and Data Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3.2 Wireless Information Sharing Systems . . . . . . . . . 112 5.3.3 Network Access Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.4 Wireless P2P Media Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.4.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.4.2 Two Neighboring Clients . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.3.4.3 Three Neighboring Clients . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.3.4.4 The General Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.5 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.7 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6 Trust 129 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.1.1 Trust Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6.2 EigenTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.3 PeerTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.4 Trust-χ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.5 FuzzyTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.6 Game Theoretic Analysis on Trust Management . 6.7 SuperTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.8 PowerTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.9 GossipTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.10 Trust Establishment in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 150 6.10.1 Symmetric Key-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.10.1.1 Deterministic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes 150 6.10.1.2 Probabilistic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes . 151 6.10.2 Asymmetric Key-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.11 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.13 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7 Security Issues 159 7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 7.2 Content Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 7.3 Buffer Map Cheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7.4 Sybil Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.5 DDoS Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 7.6 P2P Worm Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.7 P2P SIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.8 Collusive Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.9 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.11 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 8 Conclusions 171 8.1 Where Are We Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8.2 Peer into the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 |
American Accent Training A guide to speaking and pronouncing colloquial American English
American Accent Training A guide to speaking and pronouncing colloquial American English
Download
Table of Contents
Read This First CD 1 Track 1
What Is Accent?
Can I Learn a New Accent?
Accent versus Pronunciation
"Which Accent Is Correct?"
"Why Is My Accent So Bad?"
Less Than It Appears ... More Than It Appears
Language Is Fluent and Fluid
A Few Words On Pronunciation CD 1 Track 2
Tense Vowels? Lax Vowels?
Voiced Consonants? Unvoiced Consonants?
Pronunciation Points
Telephone Tutoring
Preliminary Diagnostic Analysis CD 1 Track 3
Chapter 1 American Intonation
The American Speech Music CD 1 Track 4
What to Do with Your Mouth to Sound American
American Intonation Do's and Don'ts
What Exactly Is Staircase Intonation?
Three Ways to Make Intonation
Exercise 1-1: Rubber Band Practice with Nonsense Syllables CD 1 Track 5
Staircase Intonation CD 1 Track 6
Statement Intonation with Nouns
Statement Intonation with Pronouns CD 1 Track 8
Exercise 1-3; Noun and Pronoun Intonation CD 1 Track 9
Statement Versus Question Intonation CD 1 Track 10
Emotional or Rhetorical Question Intonation
Exercise 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test CD 1 Track 11
Exercise 1-5: Four Main Reasons for Intonation CD 1 Track 12
1. New Information
2. Opinion
3. Contrast
4. Can't
Exercise 1-6: Pitch and Meaning Change CD 1 Track 13
Exercise 1-7: Individual Practice CD 1 Track 14
Exercise 1-8: Meaning of "Pretty" CD 1 Track 15
Exercise 1-9: Inflection CD 1 Track 16
Exercise 1-10; Individual Practice CD 1 Track 17
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Overdo It
We All Do It
Exercise 1-11: Translation CD 1 Track 18
Intonation Contrast
Exercise 1-12: Create Your Own Intonation Contrast CD 1 Track 19
Exercise 1-13: Variable Stress CD 1 Track 20
Exercise 1 -14: Make a Variable Stress Sentence CD 1 Track 21
Application of Intonation CD 1 Track 22
Exercise 1 -15: Application of Stress CD 1 Track 23
How You Talk Indicates to People How You Are CD 1 Track 24
Exercise 1-16: Paragraph Intonation Practice CD 1 Track 25
Exercise 1-17: Staircase Intonation Practice CD 1 Track 26
Exercise 1-18: Reading with Staircase Intonation CD 1 Track 27
Exercise 1-19: Spelling and Numbers CD 1 Track 28
Exercise 1-20; Sound/Meaning Shifts CD 1 Track 29
Exercise 1-21: Squeezed-Out Syllables CD 1 Track 30
Syllable Stress CD 1 Track 31
Syllable Count Intonation Patterns
Exercise 1-22: Syllable Patterns CD 1 Track 32
1 Syllable
2 Syllables
Exercise 1-22: Syllable Patterns continued CD 1 Track 32
3 Syllables
Exercise 1-22; Syllable Patterns continued CD 1 Track 32
4 Syllables
Exercise 1-23; Syllable Count Test CD 1 Track 33
Complex Intonation
Word Count Intonation Patterns CD 1 Track 34
Exercise 1-24: Single-Word Phrases CD 1 Track 35
Two-Word Phrases
Descriptive Phrases CD Track 36
Exercise 1-25: Sentence Stress with Descriptive Phrases CD 1 Track 37
Exercise 1 -26: Two Types of Descriptive Phrases CD 1 Track 38
Exercise 1 -26: Two Types of Descriptive Phrases continued CD1 Track 38
Exercise 1-27: Descriptive Phrase Story—The Ugly Duckling CD1 Track 39
Set Phrases CD 1 Track 40
A Cultural Indoctrination to American Norms
Exercise 1-28: Sentence Stress with Set Phrases CD 1 Track 41
Exercise 1-29: Making Set Phrases CD 1 Track 42
Exercise 1-30: Set Phrase Story—The Little Match Girl CD 1 Track 43
Contrasting a Description and a Set Phrase
Exercise 1-31: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases CD 1 Track 44
Exercise 1-32: Two-Word Stress CD 1 Track 45
Descriptive Phrase Set Phrase
Summary of Stress in Two-Word Phrases
First Word
Second Word
Nationalities
Exercise 1-33; Nationality Intonation Quiz CD 2 Track 1
1. an Américan guy
2. an American restaurant
3. Américan food
4. an American teacher
5. an Énglish teacher
Exercise 1-34: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases CD 2 Track 2
Exercise 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns CD 2 Track 3
Exercise 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test CD 2 Track 4
Exercise 1-37: Descriptions and Set Phrases—Goldilocks CD 2 Track 5
Grammar in a Nutshell CD 2 Track 6
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Grammar... But Were Afraid to Use
Exercise 1-38; Consistent Noun Stress in Changing Verb Tenses CD 2 Track 7
Exercise 1-39: Consistent Pronoun Stress In Changing Verb Tenses CD 2 Track 8
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Exercise 1-40: Intonation in Your Own Sentence CD 2 Track 9
Exercise 1 -40: Intonation in Hour Own Sentence continued CD 2 Track 9
1-40: Intonation in Your Own Sentence continued CD 2 Track 9
Exercise 1-41: Supporting Words CD 2 Track 10
Exercise 1 -42: Contrast Practice CD 2 Track 11
Exercise 1 -43; Yes, You Can or No, You Can't? CD 2 Track 12
Exercise 1 -44: Building an Intonation Sentence CD 2 Track 13
Exercise 1 -46: Regular Transitions of Nouns and Verbs CD 2 Track 15
Exercise 1-47: Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs CD 2 Track n
Exercise 1-48; Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs CD 2 Track 17
The Miracle Technique CD 2 Track 18
A Child Can Learn Any Language
Exercise 1 -49: Tell Me Wədai Say! CD 2 Track 19
Exercise 1-50: Listening for Pure Sounds CD 2 Track 21
Exercise 1-51 : Extended Listening Practice CD 2 Track 22
Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 24
Reduced Sounds Are "Valleys"
Exercise 1-52; Reducing Articles CD 2 Track 25
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53; Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1 -53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-54: Intonation and Pronunciation of "That" CD 2 Track 27
Exercise 1-55: Crossing Out Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 28
Exercise 1-56; Reading Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 29
Word Groups and Phrasing CD 2 Track 30
Pauses for Related Thoughts, Ideas, or for Breathing
Exercise 1-57: Phrasing CD Track 31
Exercise 1-58: Creating Word Groups CD 2 Track 32
Exercise 1-59: Practicing Word Groups CD 2 Track 33
Exercise 1-60: Tag Endings CD 2 Track 34
Intonation
Pronunciation
Chapter 2. Word Connections CD 2 Track 35
Exercise 2-1 : Spelling and Pronunciation CD 2 Track 36
Liaison Rule 1 : Consonant / Vowel
Exercise 2-2: Word Connections CD 2 Track 37
Exercise 2-3: Spelling and Number Connections CD 2 Track 38
What's the Difference Between a Vowel and a Consonant?
Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 39
Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaison Practice continued CD 2 Track 39
Liaison Rule 2: Consonant / Consonant
Exercise 2-5: Consonant /Consonant Liaisons CD 2 Track 40
Exercise 2-6: Consonant / Consonant Liaisons CD 2 Track 41
Consonants
Exercise 2-7: Liaisons with TH Combination CD 2 Track 42
Exercise 2-8: Consonant / Consonant Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 43
Liaison Rule 3: Vowel / Vowel
Exercise 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 44
Liaison Rule 4: T, D, S, or Z + Y
Exercise 2-10; T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaisons CD 2 Track 45
T + Y = CH
Exercise 2-10: T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaisons continued CD 2 Track 45
D + Y = J
S + Y = SH
Z + Y = ZH
Exercise 2-10: T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaisons continued CD 2 Track 45
Exercise 2-11:T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 46
Exercise 2-12; Finding Liaisons and Glides CD 2 Track 47
Exercise 2-13: Practicing Liaisons CD 3 Track 1
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Exercise 2-14: Additional Liaison Practice CD 3 Track 2
Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons CD 3 Track 3
Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons continued CD 3 Track 3
Spoon or Sboon?
Exercise 2-16: Liaison Staircases CD 3 Track 4
Chapter 3. Cat? Caught? Cut? CD 3 Track 5
The [æ] Sound
The [ä] Sound
The Schwa [ə] Sound
Silent or Neutral?
Vowel Chart
Exercise 3-1 : Word-by-Word and in a Sentence CD 3 Track 6
Exercise 3-2: Finding [æ], [ä], and [ə] Sounds CD 3 Track 7
Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation CD 3 Track 8
Exercise 3-4: Reading the [æ] Sound CD 3 Track 9
The Tæn Mæn
Exercise 3-5: Reading the [ä] Sound CD strack 10
A Lät of Läng, Hät Walks in the Garden
Exercise 3-6: Reading the [ə] Sound CD 3 Track 11
What Must the Sun Above Wonder About?
Chapter 4. The American T CD 3 Track 12
Exercise 4-1 ; Stressed and Unstressed T CD 3 Thick 13
Exercise 4-2: Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter CD 3 Track 14
Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
Exercise 4-3: Rute 1—Top of the Staircase CD 3 Track 15
Exercise 4-3; Rule 1—Top of the Staircase continued CD 3Track 15
Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase CD 3 Track 16
Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase CD3 Track 17
Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase continued CD 3 Track 17
Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T" Before N CD 3 Track 18
Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T CD 3 Track 19
Exercise 4-9: Karina's T Connections CD 3 Track 21
Exercise 4-10: Combinations in Context CD 3 Track 2:
Exercise 4-11 : Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
Exercise 4-12: Finding American T Sounds CD 3 Track 24
Voiced Consonants and Reduced Vowels
1. Reduced vowels
2. Voiced consonants
3. Like sound with like sound
4. R'lææææææææææx
Chapter 5. The El CD 3 Track 25
L and Foreign Speakers of English
Location of Language in the Mouth
The Compound Sound of L
L Compared with T, D, and N
T and D
N
Exercise 5-1 : Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N CD 3 Track 26
T/D Plosive
Exercise 5-1 ; Sounds Comparing L with T, D and N continued CD 3 Track 26
Exercise 5-2; Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N CD 3 Track 27
What Are All Those Extra Sounds I'm Hearing?
Exercise 5-3: Final El with Schwa CD 3 Track 28
Exercise 5-4: Many Final Els CD 3 Track 29
Exercise 5-5: Liaise the Ls CD 3 Track 30
Exercise 5-6: Finding L Sounds CD 3 Track 31
Exercise 5-7: Silent Ls CD3Track32
Exercise 5-8: Hold Your Tongue! CD 3 Track 33
Exercise 5-9: Little Lola CD 3 Track 34
Exercise 5-11 : Final L Practice CD 3 Track 36
Exercise 5-12: Thirty Little Turtles In a Bottle of Bottled Water CD 3 Track 37
Exercise 5-13: Speed-reading CD 3 Track »
Exercise 5-14: Tandem Reading CD 3 Track 39
Voice Quality CD 3 Track 40
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Exercise 5-15: Shifting Your Voice Position CD 3 Track 41
Chapter 6. The American R CD 3 Track 42
The Invisible R
Exercise 6-1: R Location Practice CD 3 Track 43
Exercise 6-2 : Double Vowel with R CD 3 Track 44
Exercise 6-3: How to Pronounce Troublesome Rs CD 3 Track 45
Exercise 6-4: Zbigniew's Epsilon List CD 3 Track 46
Exercise 6-5: R Combinations CD 3 Track 47
Exercise 6-6; The Mirror Store CD 3 Track 48
Exercise 6-7: Finding the R Sound CD 3 Track 49
Telephone Tutoring
Follow-up Diagnostic Analysis CD 3 Track 50
Chapters 1-6 Review and Expansion
Intonation
Miscellaneous Reminders of Intonation
Liaisons and Glides
Cat? Caught? Cut?
The American T
The El
The American R
Application Exercises
Review Exercise 1 : To have a friend, be a friend. CD 3 Track 51
Review Exercise 2: To have a friend, be a friend. CD 3 Track 52
1. Intonation
2. Word groups
3. Liaisons
4. æ, ä, ə
5. The American T
6. The American R
7. Combination of concepts 1-6
Review Exercise 3: Get a Better Water Heater! CD 3 Track 53
Review Exercise 4: Your Own Sentence CD 3 Track 54
Review Exercise 5: Varying Emotions CD 3 Track 55
Review Exercise 5: Varying Emotions continued CD 3 Track 55
Review Exercise 6: Realty? Maybe! CD 3 Track 56
Review Exercise 7: Who Did It? I Don't Know! CD 3 Track 57
Review Exercise 7: Who Did It? I Don't Know! continued CD 3 Track 57
Review Exercise 8: Russian Rebellion CD 3 Track 58
Two-Word Phrases
Review Exercise A: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases CD 3 Track 59
Review Exercise B: Intonation Review Test CD 3 Track 60
Three-Word Phrases
Review Exercise C: Modifying Descriptive Phrases CD 3 Track 61
Review Exercise D; Modifying Set Phrases CD 3 Track 62
Review Exercise E: Two- and Three-Word Set Phrases CD 3 Track 63
Review Exercise F: Three-Word Phrase Summary CD 3 Track 64
Review Exercise G: Three-Word Phrase Story—Three Little Pigs CD 4 Track 1
Review Exercise H: Sentence Balance—Goldilocks CD 4 Track 2
Four-Word Phrases
Review Exercise I: Multiple Modifiers with Set Phrases CD 4 Track 3
Review Exercise J: Compound intonation of Numbers CD 4 Track 4
Review Exercise K: Modify ing Three-Word Set Phrases CD 4 Track 5
Review Exercise L: Four-Word Phrase Story—Little Red Riding Hood CD 4 Treck 6
Review Exercise M: Building Up to Five-Word Phrases CD 4 Track 7
Review Exercise 9: Ignorance on Parade CD 4 track 8
Review Exercise 10: Ignorance on Parade Explanations. CD 4 Track 9
Review Exercise 10: Ignorance on Parade Explanations continued CD 4 Track 9
Chapter 7. Tee Aitch CD 4 Track 10
Exercise 7-1 : The Throng of Thermometers CD 4 Track 11
Run Them All Together [runnemälld'gether]
Anticipating the Next Word
Exercise 7-2: Targeting The TH Sound CD 4 Track 12
Exercise 7-3: Tongue Twisters CD 4 Track 13
Chapter 8. More Reduced Sounds CD 4 Track 14
Стр. 6 из 185
Exercise 8-1 : Comparing [u] and [ü] CD 4 Track 15
Exercise 8-2: Lax Vowels CD 4 Track 16
Exercise 8-3; Bit or Beat? CD 4 Track 17
Exercise 8-4: Bit or Beat? Bid or Bead? CD 4 Track 18
Exercise 8-5: Tense and Lax Vowel Exercise CD 4Track 19
Exercise 8-6: The Middle "I" List CD 4 Track 20
Exercise 8-7: Reduction Options CD 4 Track 21
Exercise 8-8: Finding Reduced Sounds CD 4 Track 22
Exercise 8-9: How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck? CD 4 Track 23
Exercise 8-10; Büker Wülsey's Cükbük CD 4 Track 24
Exercise 8-11: A True Fool CD 4 Track 25
Intonation and Attitude
Exercise 8-12: Nonverbal Intonation CD 4 Track 26
Chapter 9. "V" as in Victory CD 4 Track 27
Exercise 9-1 : Mind Your Vees CD 4 Track 28
Exercise 9-2: The Vile VIP CD 4 Track 29
Exercise 9-3: Finding V Sounds CD 4 Track 30
Chapter 10. S or Z?
Exercise 10-1 : When S Becomes Z CD 4 Track 31
Exercise 10-2: A Surly Sergeant Socked an Insolent Sailor CD 4 Track 32
Exercise 10-3: Allz Well That Endz Well CD 4 Track 33
Exercise 10-4: Voiced and Unvoiced Endings in the Past Tense CD 4 Track 34
Exercise 10-5: Finding S and Z Sounds CD 4 Track 35
Exercise 10-4; Application Steps with S and Z CD 4 Track 36
Exercise 10-7: Your Own Application Steps with S and Z CD 4 Track 37
Chapter 11. Tense and Lax Vowels
Exercise 11-1; Tense Vowels CD 4 Track 38
Exercise 11 -2: Tense Vowels Practice Paragraph CD 4 Track 39
Exercise 11-3: Lax Vowels CD 4 Track 40
Exercise 11-4: Lax Vowels Practice Paragraph CD 4 Track 41
Exercise 11-5: Take a High-Tech Tack CD 4 Track 42
Exercise 11 -6: Pick a Peak CD 4 Track 43
Grammar in a Bigger Nutshell
Exercise 11-7: Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs CD 4 Track 44
Exercise 11-7: Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs continued CD 4 Track 44
Exercise 11-7; Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs continued CD 4Track 44
Exercise 11-8: Your Own Compound Nouns CD 4 Track 45
Exercise 11-9: Your Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs CD 4 Track 46
Exercise 11-10: Practical Application—U.S./Japan Trade Friction CD 4 Track 47
The Letter A
Exercise 11-11: Presidential Candidates' Debate CD 4 Track 48
Chapter 12. Nasal Consonants CD 4 Track 49
Exercise 12-1: Nasal Consonants CD 4 Track 50
Exercise 12-2: Ending Nasal Consonants CD 4 Track 51
Exercise 12-3: Reading Nasal Consonant Sounds CD 4 Track 52
Exercise 12-4: Finding [n] and [ng] Sounds CD 4 Track 53
Chapter 13. Throaty Consonants
Exercise 13-1: Throaty Consonants CD 4 Track 54
Exercise 13-2: The Letter X CD 4 Track 55
Exercise 13-3: Reading the H, K, G, NG, and R sounds CD 4 Track 56
Exercise 13-4: Glottal Consonant Practice Paragraph CD 4 Track 57
Telephone Tutoring
Final Diagnostic Analysis CD 4 Track 58
Chapters 1-13. Review and Expansion
Review Exercise 1-1: Rubber Band Practice with Nonsense Syllables
Review Exercise 1-2; Noun Intonation
Review Exercise 1-3: Noun and Pronoun Intonation
Review Exercise 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test
Review Exercise 1-6: Pitch and Meaning Change
Стр. 7 из 185
Review Exercise 1-7: Individual Practice
Review Exercise 1-8: Meaning of "Pretty," "Sort of," "Kind of," and "Little"
Review Exercise 1-9: Inflection
Review Exercise 1-10: Individual Practice
Review Exercise 1-11: Translation
Review Exercise 1-12: Create Your Own Intonation Contrast
Review Exercise 1-13: Variable Stress
Review Exercise 1-14: Make a Variable Stress Sentence
Review Exercise 1-15: Application of Stress
Review Exercise 1-17: Staircase Intonation Practice
Review Exercise 1-18: Reading with Staircase Intonation
Review Exercise 1-19: Spelling and Numbers
Review Exercise 1-20: Sound/Meaning Shifts
Review Exercise 1-21: Squeezed-Out Syllables
Review Exercise 1-22: Syllable Patterns
Review Exercise 1-25: Sentence Stress with Descriptive Phrases
Review Exercise 1-23: Syllable Count Test
Review Exercise 1-24: Single-Word Phrases
Review Exercise 1-26: Two Types of Descriptive Phrases
Review Exercise 1-27: Descriptive Phrase Story—Snow White and The Seven Dwarves
Review Exercise 1-28: Sentence Stress with Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-29: Making Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-30: Set Phrase Story—Our Mailman
Review Exercise 1-31: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-32: Two-Word Stress
Review Exercise 1-34: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns
Review Exercise 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test
Review Exercise 1-38: Consistent Noun Stress in Changing Verb Tenses (5 disk)
Review Exercise 1-39: Consistent Pronoun Stress in Changing Verb Tenses
Review Execise 1-40: Intonation in Your Own Sentence
Review Exercise 1-41: Supporting Words
Review Exercise 1-42: Contrast Practice
Review Exercise 1-43: Yes, You Can or No, You Can't?
Review Exercise 1-44: Building an Intonation Sentence
Review Exercise 1-45: Building Your Own intonation Sentences
Review Exercise 1-46: Regular Transitions of Nouns and Verbs
Review Exercise 1-47: Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs
Review Exercise 1-48; Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs
Review Exercise 1-51; Extended Listening Practice
Review Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds
Review Exercise 1-55: Crossing Out Reduced Sounds
Review Exercise 1-56: Reading Reduced Sounds
Review Exercise 1-57: Phrasing
Review Exercise 1-60: Tag Endings
Review Exercise 2-1: Spelling and Pronunciation
Review Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-8: Consonant/Consonant Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-11: T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-12: Finding Liaisons and Glides
Review Exercise 2-13: Practicing Liaisons
Review Exercise 3-1: Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
Review Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation
Review Exercise 3-4: Finding the æ, ä, ə Sounds
Review Exercise 3-5: Reading the [æ] Sound
Review Exercise 3-6: Reading the [ä] Sound
Review Exercise 3-7: Reading the [ə] Sound
Review Exercise 4-1 : Stressed and Unstressed T
Review Exercise 4-3: Rule 1—Top of the Staircase
Review Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
Review Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
Review Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
Review Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T
Review Exercise 4-10: T Combinations in Context
Review Exercise 4-11: Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
Стр. 8 из 185
Review Exercise 5-2: Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
Review Exercise 5-3: Final El with Schwa
Review Exercise 5-4: Many Final Els
Review Exercise 5-5: Liaise the Ls
Review Exercise 5-7: Silent Ls
Review Exercise 5-8: Hold Your Tongue!
Review Exercise 5-9: Bill and Ellie
Review Exercise 5-11 : Final L Practice
Review Exercise 5-12: A Frontal Lobotomy?
Review Exercise 5-13: Speed-reading
Review Exercise 5-14: Tandem Reading
Review Exercise 6-1 : R Location Practice
Review Exercise 6-2: Double Vowel Sounds with R
Review Exercise 6-3: How to Pronounce Troublesome Rs
Review Exercise 6-4: Zbignlew's Epsilon List
Review Exercise 6-5: R Combinations
Review Exercise 6-6: Roy the Rancher
Review Exercise C: Modifying Descriptive Phrases
Review Exercise D: Modifying Set Phrases
Review Exercise E:Two- and Three-Word Set Phrases
Review Exercise F: Three-Word Phrase Summary
Review Exercise I: Multiple Modifiers with Set Phrases
Review Exercise J: Compound Intonation of Numbers
Review Exercise K: Modifying Three-Word Set Phrases
Review Exercise L: Three Word Phrase Story—The Amazing Rock Soup
Review Exercise M: Building Up to Five-Word Phrases
Review Exercise 7-1: The Thing
Noun Intonation Summary
Rule 1: New Information
Rule 2: Old Information
Rule 3: Contrast
Rule 4: Opinion
Rule 5: Negation (Can't)
Review Exercise 8-1 : Comparing [u] and [ü]
Review Exercise 8-2: Lax Vowels
Review Exercise 8-4: Bit or Beat? Bid or Bead?
Review Exercise 8-5: Tense and Lax Vowel Review Exercise
Review Exercise 8-6: Middle "I" List
Review Exercise 8-10: [ü] Paragraph
Review Exercise 8-11: [u] Paragraph
Review Exercise 9-1: Mind Your Vees
Review Exercise 10-1: S or Z?
Review Exercise 10-2: Sally at the Seashore
Review Exercise 10-3: Fuzzy Wuzzy
Review Exercise 11-1: Tense Vowels
Review Exercise 11-3: Lax Vowels
Review Exercise 11-7: Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs
Review Exercise 12-1: Nasal Consonants
Review Exercise 12-2: Ending Nasal Consonants
Review Exercise 12-3: Reading Nasal Consonant Sounds
Review Exercise 13-1: Throaty Consonants
Review Exercise 13-2: The Letter X
Review Exercise 13-3: Reading the H, K, G, NG, and R sounds
Nationality Guides
Important Point
Chinese Intonation Summary
Chinese
Intonation
Location of the Language
Japanese
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Стр. 9 из 185
The Japanese R = The American T
Location of the Language
Spanish
Intonation
Liaisons
Word Endings
Pronunciation
The Spanish S = The American S, But...
The Spanish R = The American T
The -ed Ending
The Final T
The Spanish D = The American Th (voiced)
The Spanish of Spain Z or C = The American Th (unvoiced)
The Spanish I = The American Y (not j)
The Doubled Spanish A Sound = The American O, All or AW Spelling
The Spanish O = The American OU
Location of the Language
Indian
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Location of the Language
Russian
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
The Russian R = The American Т
French
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Location in the Mouth
German
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Korean
Intonation
Word Connections
Pronunciation
The Korean R = The American T
Answer Key
Exercise 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test
Exercise 1-15: Application of Stress
Exercise 1-17: Staircase Intonation Practice
Exercise 1-29: Making Set Phrases
Exercise 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns
Exercise 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test
Exercise 1-48: Regular Transitions of Adj. and Verbs
Exercise 1-23: Syllable Count Test
Exercise 1-51: Extended Listening Practice
Exercise 1-60: Tag Endings
Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaisons
Exercise 2-8: Consonant / Consonant Liaisons
Exercise 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaisons
Exercise 2-11 : T, D, S, or Z Liaisons
Exercise 2-12: Finding Liaisons and Glides
Exercise 2-16: Liaison Staircases
Exercise 3-2: Finding [æ], [ä] and [ə] Sounds
Стр. 10 из 185
Exercise 4-12: Finding American T Sounds
Exercise 1-51: Extended Listening Practice
Exercise 5-6: Finding L Sounds
Exercise 6-7: Finding the R Sound
Review Exercise B: Intonation Review Test
Exercise 7-2: Targeting the TH Sound
Exercise 8-8: Finding Reduced Sounds
Exercise 9-3: Finding V Sounds
Exercise 10-5: Finding S and Z Sounds
Exercise 11-2 and 11-4: Finding Tense (a, e, æ) and Lax Vowel Sounds (i, ə)
Exercise 12-4: Finding [n] and [ng] Sounds
Exercise 13-4: Glottal Consonant Practice
Review Section Answer Key
Review Ex. 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test
Review Ex. 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns
Review Ex. 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test
Review Ex. 1-48: Adjective and Verb Transitions
Review Ex. 1-51: Extended Listening Practice
Review Ex. 1-60: Tag Endings
Review Ex. 2-4: Cons. / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-8: Cons. / Cons. Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-11 : T, D, S, or Z Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-12: Finding Liaisons and Glides
Review Ex. 3-4: Finding the æ, ä, ə, and d Sounds
Index
Symbols
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
М
N
О
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
X
Z
Table of Contents
Introduction: Read This First........................... iv
A Few Words On Pronunciation ................................. vii
Preliminary Diagnostic Analysis .................................. x
Chapter 1 American Intonation ....................................1
Staircase Intonation ...................................................... 5
Syllable Stress ............................................................ 19
Complex Intonation.................................................... 23
Two-Word Phrases...................................................... 24
Grammar in a Nutshell ............................................... 35
The Miracle Technique ............................................... 46
Reduced Sounds ......................................................... 48
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Word Groups and Phrasing......................................... 56
Chapter 2 Word Connections..................................... 59
Chapter 3 Cat? Caught? Cut? .................................... 71
Chapter 4 The American T ........................................ 77
Chapter 5 The El........................................................85
Voice Quality .............................................................. 94
Chapter 6 The American R ........................................ 95
Follow-up Diagnostic Analysis ................................ 100
Chapters 1-6 Review and Expansion .................... 101
Two-, Three- and Four-Word Phrases....................... 108
Chapter 7 Tee Aitch ................................................ 118
Chapter 8 More Reduced Sounds ........................... 121
Middle I List............................................................. 125
Intonation and Attitude ............................................. 128
Chapter 9 "V" as in Victory.................................... 129
Chapter 10 S or Z? ................................................. 131
Chapter 11 Tense and Lax Vowels ......................... 135
Grammar in a Bigger Nutshell.................................. 138
Chapter 12 Nasal Consonants ................................ 145
Chapter 13 Throaty Consonants............................. 147
Final Diagnostic Analysis......................................... 150
Chapters 1-13 Review and Expansion ................. 151
Nationality Guides.............................................. 172
Chinese ..................................................................... 173
Japanese.................................................................... 177
Spanish ..................................................................... 180
Indian........................................................................ 183
Russian ..................................................................... 186
French....................................................................... 188
German ..................................................................... 189
Korean ...................................................................... 191
Answer Key............................................................ 193
Index.......................................................................... 197
Read
Download
Table of Contents
Read This First CD 1 Track 1
What Is Accent?
Can I Learn a New Accent?
Accent versus Pronunciation
"Which Accent Is Correct?"
"Why Is My Accent So Bad?"
Less Than It Appears ... More Than It Appears
Language Is Fluent and Fluid
A Few Words On Pronunciation CD 1 Track 2
Tense Vowels? Lax Vowels?
Voiced Consonants? Unvoiced Consonants?
Pronunciation Points
Telephone Tutoring
Preliminary Diagnostic Analysis CD 1 Track 3
Chapter 1 American Intonation
The American Speech Music CD 1 Track 4
What to Do with Your Mouth to Sound American
American Intonation Do's and Don'ts
What Exactly Is Staircase Intonation?
Three Ways to Make Intonation
Exercise 1-1: Rubber Band Practice with Nonsense Syllables CD 1 Track 5
Staircase Intonation CD 1 Track 6
Statement Intonation with Nouns
Statement Intonation with Pronouns CD 1 Track 8
Exercise 1-3; Noun and Pronoun Intonation CD 1 Track 9
Statement Versus Question Intonation CD 1 Track 10
Emotional or Rhetorical Question Intonation
Exercise 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test CD 1 Track 11
Exercise 1-5: Four Main Reasons for Intonation CD 1 Track 12
1. New Information
2. Opinion
3. Contrast
4. Can't
Exercise 1-6: Pitch and Meaning Change CD 1 Track 13
Exercise 1-7: Individual Practice CD 1 Track 14
Exercise 1-8: Meaning of "Pretty" CD 1 Track 15
Exercise 1-9: Inflection CD 1 Track 16
Exercise 1-10; Individual Practice CD 1 Track 17
Стр. 2 из 185
Overdo It
We All Do It
Exercise 1-11: Translation CD 1 Track 18
Intonation Contrast
Exercise 1-12: Create Your Own Intonation Contrast CD 1 Track 19
Exercise 1-13: Variable Stress CD 1 Track 20
Exercise 1 -14: Make a Variable Stress Sentence CD 1 Track 21
Application of Intonation CD 1 Track 22
Exercise 1 -15: Application of Stress CD 1 Track 23
How You Talk Indicates to People How You Are CD 1 Track 24
Exercise 1-16: Paragraph Intonation Practice CD 1 Track 25
Exercise 1-17: Staircase Intonation Practice CD 1 Track 26
Exercise 1-18: Reading with Staircase Intonation CD 1 Track 27
Exercise 1-19: Spelling and Numbers CD 1 Track 28
Exercise 1-20; Sound/Meaning Shifts CD 1 Track 29
Exercise 1-21: Squeezed-Out Syllables CD 1 Track 30
Syllable Stress CD 1 Track 31
Syllable Count Intonation Patterns
Exercise 1-22: Syllable Patterns CD 1 Track 32
1 Syllable
2 Syllables
Exercise 1-22: Syllable Patterns continued CD 1 Track 32
3 Syllables
Exercise 1-22; Syllable Patterns continued CD 1 Track 32
4 Syllables
Exercise 1-23; Syllable Count Test CD 1 Track 33
Complex Intonation
Word Count Intonation Patterns CD 1 Track 34
Exercise 1-24: Single-Word Phrases CD 1 Track 35
Two-Word Phrases
Descriptive Phrases CD Track 36
Exercise 1-25: Sentence Stress with Descriptive Phrases CD 1 Track 37
Exercise 1 -26: Two Types of Descriptive Phrases CD 1 Track 38
Exercise 1 -26: Two Types of Descriptive Phrases continued CD1 Track 38
Exercise 1-27: Descriptive Phrase Story—The Ugly Duckling CD1 Track 39
Set Phrases CD 1 Track 40
A Cultural Indoctrination to American Norms
Exercise 1-28: Sentence Stress with Set Phrases CD 1 Track 41
Exercise 1-29: Making Set Phrases CD 1 Track 42
Exercise 1-30: Set Phrase Story—The Little Match Girl CD 1 Track 43
Contrasting a Description and a Set Phrase
Exercise 1-31: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases CD 1 Track 44
Exercise 1-32: Two-Word Stress CD 1 Track 45
Descriptive Phrase Set Phrase
Summary of Stress in Two-Word Phrases
First Word
Second Word
Nationalities
Exercise 1-33; Nationality Intonation Quiz CD 2 Track 1
1. an Américan guy
2. an American restaurant
3. Américan food
4. an American teacher
5. an Énglish teacher
Exercise 1-34: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases CD 2 Track 2
Exercise 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns CD 2 Track 3
Exercise 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test CD 2 Track 4
Exercise 1-37: Descriptions and Set Phrases—Goldilocks CD 2 Track 5
Grammar in a Nutshell CD 2 Track 6
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Grammar... But Were Afraid to Use
Exercise 1-38; Consistent Noun Stress in Changing Verb Tenses CD 2 Track 7
Exercise 1-39: Consistent Pronoun Stress In Changing Verb Tenses CD 2 Track 8
Стр. 3 из 185
Exercise 1-40: Intonation in Your Own Sentence CD 2 Track 9
Exercise 1 -40: Intonation in Hour Own Sentence continued CD 2 Track 9
1-40: Intonation in Your Own Sentence continued CD 2 Track 9
Exercise 1-41: Supporting Words CD 2 Track 10
Exercise 1 -42: Contrast Practice CD 2 Track 11
Exercise 1 -43; Yes, You Can or No, You Can't? CD 2 Track 12
Exercise 1 -44: Building an Intonation Sentence CD 2 Track 13
Exercise 1 -46: Regular Transitions of Nouns and Verbs CD 2 Track 15
Exercise 1-47: Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs CD 2 Track n
Exercise 1-48; Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs CD 2 Track 17
The Miracle Technique CD 2 Track 18
A Child Can Learn Any Language
Exercise 1 -49: Tell Me Wədai Say! CD 2 Track 19
Exercise 1-50: Listening for Pure Sounds CD 2 Track 21
Exercise 1-51 : Extended Listening Practice CD 2 Track 22
Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 24
Reduced Sounds Are "Valleys"
Exercise 1-52; Reducing Articles CD 2 Track 25
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53; Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1 -53: Reduced Sounds continued CD 2 Track 26
Exercise 1-54: Intonation and Pronunciation of "That" CD 2 Track 27
Exercise 1-55: Crossing Out Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 28
Exercise 1-56; Reading Reduced Sounds CD 2 Track 29
Word Groups and Phrasing CD 2 Track 30
Pauses for Related Thoughts, Ideas, or for Breathing
Exercise 1-57: Phrasing CD Track 31
Exercise 1-58: Creating Word Groups CD 2 Track 32
Exercise 1-59: Practicing Word Groups CD 2 Track 33
Exercise 1-60: Tag Endings CD 2 Track 34
Intonation
Pronunciation
Chapter 2. Word Connections CD 2 Track 35
Exercise 2-1 : Spelling and Pronunciation CD 2 Track 36
Liaison Rule 1 : Consonant / Vowel
Exercise 2-2: Word Connections CD 2 Track 37
Exercise 2-3: Spelling and Number Connections CD 2 Track 38
What's the Difference Between a Vowel and a Consonant?
Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 39
Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaison Practice continued CD 2 Track 39
Liaison Rule 2: Consonant / Consonant
Exercise 2-5: Consonant /Consonant Liaisons CD 2 Track 40
Exercise 2-6: Consonant / Consonant Liaisons CD 2 Track 41
Consonants
Exercise 2-7: Liaisons with TH Combination CD 2 Track 42
Exercise 2-8: Consonant / Consonant Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 43
Liaison Rule 3: Vowel / Vowel
Exercise 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 44
Liaison Rule 4: T, D, S, or Z + Y
Exercise 2-10; T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaisons CD 2 Track 45
T + Y = CH
Exercise 2-10: T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaisons continued CD 2 Track 45
D + Y = J
S + Y = SH
Z + Y = ZH
Exercise 2-10: T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaisons continued CD 2 Track 45
Exercise 2-11:T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaison Practice CD 2 Track 46
Exercise 2-12; Finding Liaisons and Glides CD 2 Track 47
Exercise 2-13: Practicing Liaisons CD 3 Track 1
Стр. 4 из 185
Exercise 2-14: Additional Liaison Practice CD 3 Track 2
Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons CD 3 Track 3
Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons continued CD 3 Track 3
Spoon or Sboon?
Exercise 2-16: Liaison Staircases CD 3 Track 4
Chapter 3. Cat? Caught? Cut? CD 3 Track 5
The [æ] Sound
The [ä] Sound
The Schwa [ə] Sound
Silent or Neutral?
Vowel Chart
Exercise 3-1 : Word-by-Word and in a Sentence CD 3 Track 6
Exercise 3-2: Finding [æ], [ä], and [ə] Sounds CD 3 Track 7
Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation CD 3 Track 8
Exercise 3-4: Reading the [æ] Sound CD 3 Track 9
The Tæn Mæn
Exercise 3-5: Reading the [ä] Sound CD strack 10
A Lät of Läng, Hät Walks in the Garden
Exercise 3-6: Reading the [ə] Sound CD 3 Track 11
What Must the Sun Above Wonder About?
Chapter 4. The American T CD 3 Track 12
Exercise 4-1 ; Stressed and Unstressed T CD 3 Thick 13
Exercise 4-2: Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter CD 3 Track 14
Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
Exercise 4-3: Rute 1—Top of the Staircase CD 3 Track 15
Exercise 4-3; Rule 1—Top of the Staircase continued CD 3Track 15
Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase CD 3 Track 16
Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase CD3 Track 17
Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase continued CD 3 Track 17
Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T" Before N CD 3 Track 18
Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T CD 3 Track 19
Exercise 4-9: Karina's T Connections CD 3 Track 21
Exercise 4-10: Combinations in Context CD 3 Track 2:
Exercise 4-11 : Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
Exercise 4-12: Finding American T Sounds CD 3 Track 24
Voiced Consonants and Reduced Vowels
1. Reduced vowels
2. Voiced consonants
3. Like sound with like sound
4. R'lææææææææææx
Chapter 5. The El CD 3 Track 25
L and Foreign Speakers of English
Location of Language in the Mouth
The Compound Sound of L
L Compared with T, D, and N
T and D
N
Exercise 5-1 : Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N CD 3 Track 26
T/D Plosive
Exercise 5-1 ; Sounds Comparing L with T, D and N continued CD 3 Track 26
Exercise 5-2; Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N CD 3 Track 27
What Are All Those Extra Sounds I'm Hearing?
Exercise 5-3: Final El with Schwa CD 3 Track 28
Exercise 5-4: Many Final Els CD 3 Track 29
Exercise 5-5: Liaise the Ls CD 3 Track 30
Exercise 5-6: Finding L Sounds CD 3 Track 31
Exercise 5-7: Silent Ls CD3Track32
Exercise 5-8: Hold Your Tongue! CD 3 Track 33
Exercise 5-9: Little Lola CD 3 Track 34
Exercise 5-11 : Final L Practice CD 3 Track 36
Exercise 5-12: Thirty Little Turtles In a Bottle of Bottled Water CD 3 Track 37
Exercise 5-13: Speed-reading CD 3 Track »
Exercise 5-14: Tandem Reading CD 3 Track 39
Voice Quality CD 3 Track 40
Стр. 5 из 185
Exercise 5-15: Shifting Your Voice Position CD 3 Track 41
Chapter 6. The American R CD 3 Track 42
The Invisible R
Exercise 6-1: R Location Practice CD 3 Track 43
Exercise 6-2 : Double Vowel with R CD 3 Track 44
Exercise 6-3: How to Pronounce Troublesome Rs CD 3 Track 45
Exercise 6-4: Zbigniew's Epsilon List CD 3 Track 46
Exercise 6-5: R Combinations CD 3 Track 47
Exercise 6-6; The Mirror Store CD 3 Track 48
Exercise 6-7: Finding the R Sound CD 3 Track 49
Telephone Tutoring
Follow-up Diagnostic Analysis CD 3 Track 50
Chapters 1-6 Review and Expansion
Intonation
Miscellaneous Reminders of Intonation
Liaisons and Glides
Cat? Caught? Cut?
The American T
The El
The American R
Application Exercises
Review Exercise 1 : To have a friend, be a friend. CD 3 Track 51
Review Exercise 2: To have a friend, be a friend. CD 3 Track 52
1. Intonation
2. Word groups
3. Liaisons
4. æ, ä, ə
5. The American T
6. The American R
7. Combination of concepts 1-6
Review Exercise 3: Get a Better Water Heater! CD 3 Track 53
Review Exercise 4: Your Own Sentence CD 3 Track 54
Review Exercise 5: Varying Emotions CD 3 Track 55
Review Exercise 5: Varying Emotions continued CD 3 Track 55
Review Exercise 6: Realty? Maybe! CD 3 Track 56
Review Exercise 7: Who Did It? I Don't Know! CD 3 Track 57
Review Exercise 7: Who Did It? I Don't Know! continued CD 3 Track 57
Review Exercise 8: Russian Rebellion CD 3 Track 58
Two-Word Phrases
Review Exercise A: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases CD 3 Track 59
Review Exercise B: Intonation Review Test CD 3 Track 60
Three-Word Phrases
Review Exercise C: Modifying Descriptive Phrases CD 3 Track 61
Review Exercise D; Modifying Set Phrases CD 3 Track 62
Review Exercise E: Two- and Three-Word Set Phrases CD 3 Track 63
Review Exercise F: Three-Word Phrase Summary CD 3 Track 64
Review Exercise G: Three-Word Phrase Story—Three Little Pigs CD 4 Track 1
Review Exercise H: Sentence Balance—Goldilocks CD 4 Track 2
Four-Word Phrases
Review Exercise I: Multiple Modifiers with Set Phrases CD 4 Track 3
Review Exercise J: Compound intonation of Numbers CD 4 Track 4
Review Exercise K: Modify ing Three-Word Set Phrases CD 4 Track 5
Review Exercise L: Four-Word Phrase Story—Little Red Riding Hood CD 4 Treck 6
Review Exercise M: Building Up to Five-Word Phrases CD 4 Track 7
Review Exercise 9: Ignorance on Parade CD 4 track 8
Review Exercise 10: Ignorance on Parade Explanations. CD 4 Track 9
Review Exercise 10: Ignorance on Parade Explanations continued CD 4 Track 9
Chapter 7. Tee Aitch CD 4 Track 10
Exercise 7-1 : The Throng of Thermometers CD 4 Track 11
Run Them All Together [runnemälld'gether]
Anticipating the Next Word
Exercise 7-2: Targeting The TH Sound CD 4 Track 12
Exercise 7-3: Tongue Twisters CD 4 Track 13
Chapter 8. More Reduced Sounds CD 4 Track 14
Стр. 6 из 185
Exercise 8-1 : Comparing [u] and [ü] CD 4 Track 15
Exercise 8-2: Lax Vowels CD 4 Track 16
Exercise 8-3; Bit or Beat? CD 4 Track 17
Exercise 8-4: Bit or Beat? Bid or Bead? CD 4 Track 18
Exercise 8-5: Tense and Lax Vowel Exercise CD 4Track 19
Exercise 8-6: The Middle "I" List CD 4 Track 20
Exercise 8-7: Reduction Options CD 4 Track 21
Exercise 8-8: Finding Reduced Sounds CD 4 Track 22
Exercise 8-9: How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck? CD 4 Track 23
Exercise 8-10; Büker Wülsey's Cükbük CD 4 Track 24
Exercise 8-11: A True Fool CD 4 Track 25
Intonation and Attitude
Exercise 8-12: Nonverbal Intonation CD 4 Track 26
Chapter 9. "V" as in Victory CD 4 Track 27
Exercise 9-1 : Mind Your Vees CD 4 Track 28
Exercise 9-2: The Vile VIP CD 4 Track 29
Exercise 9-3: Finding V Sounds CD 4 Track 30
Chapter 10. S or Z?
Exercise 10-1 : When S Becomes Z CD 4 Track 31
Exercise 10-2: A Surly Sergeant Socked an Insolent Sailor CD 4 Track 32
Exercise 10-3: Allz Well That Endz Well CD 4 Track 33
Exercise 10-4: Voiced and Unvoiced Endings in the Past Tense CD 4 Track 34
Exercise 10-5: Finding S and Z Sounds CD 4 Track 35
Exercise 10-4; Application Steps with S and Z CD 4 Track 36
Exercise 10-7: Your Own Application Steps with S and Z CD 4 Track 37
Chapter 11. Tense and Lax Vowels
Exercise 11-1; Tense Vowels CD 4 Track 38
Exercise 11 -2: Tense Vowels Practice Paragraph CD 4 Track 39
Exercise 11-3: Lax Vowels CD 4 Track 40
Exercise 11-4: Lax Vowels Practice Paragraph CD 4 Track 41
Exercise 11-5: Take a High-Tech Tack CD 4 Track 42
Exercise 11 -6: Pick a Peak CD 4 Track 43
Grammar in a Bigger Nutshell
Exercise 11-7: Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs CD 4 Track 44
Exercise 11-7: Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs continued CD 4 Track 44
Exercise 11-7; Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs continued CD 4Track 44
Exercise 11-8: Your Own Compound Nouns CD 4 Track 45
Exercise 11-9: Your Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs CD 4 Track 46
Exercise 11-10: Practical Application—U.S./Japan Trade Friction CD 4 Track 47
The Letter A
Exercise 11-11: Presidential Candidates' Debate CD 4 Track 48
Chapter 12. Nasal Consonants CD 4 Track 49
Exercise 12-1: Nasal Consonants CD 4 Track 50
Exercise 12-2: Ending Nasal Consonants CD 4 Track 51
Exercise 12-3: Reading Nasal Consonant Sounds CD 4 Track 52
Exercise 12-4: Finding [n] and [ng] Sounds CD 4 Track 53
Chapter 13. Throaty Consonants
Exercise 13-1: Throaty Consonants CD 4 Track 54
Exercise 13-2: The Letter X CD 4 Track 55
Exercise 13-3: Reading the H, K, G, NG, and R sounds CD 4 Track 56
Exercise 13-4: Glottal Consonant Practice Paragraph CD 4 Track 57
Telephone Tutoring
Final Diagnostic Analysis CD 4 Track 58
Chapters 1-13. Review and Expansion
Review Exercise 1-1: Rubber Band Practice with Nonsense Syllables
Review Exercise 1-2; Noun Intonation
Review Exercise 1-3: Noun and Pronoun Intonation
Review Exercise 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test
Review Exercise 1-6: Pitch and Meaning Change
Стр. 7 из 185
Review Exercise 1-7: Individual Practice
Review Exercise 1-8: Meaning of "Pretty," "Sort of," "Kind of," and "Little"
Review Exercise 1-9: Inflection
Review Exercise 1-10: Individual Practice
Review Exercise 1-11: Translation
Review Exercise 1-12: Create Your Own Intonation Contrast
Review Exercise 1-13: Variable Stress
Review Exercise 1-14: Make a Variable Stress Sentence
Review Exercise 1-15: Application of Stress
Review Exercise 1-17: Staircase Intonation Practice
Review Exercise 1-18: Reading with Staircase Intonation
Review Exercise 1-19: Spelling and Numbers
Review Exercise 1-20: Sound/Meaning Shifts
Review Exercise 1-21: Squeezed-Out Syllables
Review Exercise 1-22: Syllable Patterns
Review Exercise 1-25: Sentence Stress with Descriptive Phrases
Review Exercise 1-23: Syllable Count Test
Review Exercise 1-24: Single-Word Phrases
Review Exercise 1-26: Two Types of Descriptive Phrases
Review Exercise 1-27: Descriptive Phrase Story—Snow White and The Seven Dwarves
Review Exercise 1-28: Sentence Stress with Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-29: Making Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-30: Set Phrase Story—Our Mailman
Review Exercise 1-31: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-32: Two-Word Stress
Review Exercise 1-34: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases
Review Exercise 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns
Review Exercise 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test
Review Exercise 1-38: Consistent Noun Stress in Changing Verb Tenses (5 disk)
Review Exercise 1-39: Consistent Pronoun Stress in Changing Verb Tenses
Review Execise 1-40: Intonation in Your Own Sentence
Review Exercise 1-41: Supporting Words
Review Exercise 1-42: Contrast Practice
Review Exercise 1-43: Yes, You Can or No, You Can't?
Review Exercise 1-44: Building an Intonation Sentence
Review Exercise 1-45: Building Your Own intonation Sentences
Review Exercise 1-46: Regular Transitions of Nouns and Verbs
Review Exercise 1-47: Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs
Review Exercise 1-48; Regular Transitions of Adjectives and Verbs
Review Exercise 1-51; Extended Listening Practice
Review Exercise 1-53: Reduced Sounds
Review Exercise 1-55: Crossing Out Reduced Sounds
Review Exercise 1-56: Reading Reduced Sounds
Review Exercise 1-57: Phrasing
Review Exercise 1-60: Tag Endings
Review Exercise 2-1: Spelling and Pronunciation
Review Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-8: Consonant/Consonant Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-11: T, D, S, or Z + Y Liaison Practice
Review Exercise 2-12: Finding Liaisons and Glides
Review Exercise 2-13: Practicing Liaisons
Review Exercise 3-1: Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
Review Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation
Review Exercise 3-4: Finding the æ, ä, ə Sounds
Review Exercise 3-5: Reading the [æ] Sound
Review Exercise 3-6: Reading the [ä] Sound
Review Exercise 3-7: Reading the [ə] Sound
Review Exercise 4-1 : Stressed and Unstressed T
Review Exercise 4-3: Rule 1—Top of the Staircase
Review Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
Review Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
Review Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
Review Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T
Review Exercise 4-10: T Combinations in Context
Review Exercise 4-11: Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
Стр. 8 из 185
Review Exercise 5-2: Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
Review Exercise 5-3: Final El with Schwa
Review Exercise 5-4: Many Final Els
Review Exercise 5-5: Liaise the Ls
Review Exercise 5-7: Silent Ls
Review Exercise 5-8: Hold Your Tongue!
Review Exercise 5-9: Bill and Ellie
Review Exercise 5-11 : Final L Practice
Review Exercise 5-12: A Frontal Lobotomy?
Review Exercise 5-13: Speed-reading
Review Exercise 5-14: Tandem Reading
Review Exercise 6-1 : R Location Practice
Review Exercise 6-2: Double Vowel Sounds with R
Review Exercise 6-3: How to Pronounce Troublesome Rs
Review Exercise 6-4: Zbignlew's Epsilon List
Review Exercise 6-5: R Combinations
Review Exercise 6-6: Roy the Rancher
Review Exercise C: Modifying Descriptive Phrases
Review Exercise D: Modifying Set Phrases
Review Exercise E:Two- and Three-Word Set Phrases
Review Exercise F: Three-Word Phrase Summary
Review Exercise I: Multiple Modifiers with Set Phrases
Review Exercise J: Compound Intonation of Numbers
Review Exercise K: Modifying Three-Word Set Phrases
Review Exercise L: Three Word Phrase Story—The Amazing Rock Soup
Review Exercise M: Building Up to Five-Word Phrases
Review Exercise 7-1: The Thing
Noun Intonation Summary
Rule 1: New Information
Rule 2: Old Information
Rule 3: Contrast
Rule 4: Opinion
Rule 5: Negation (Can't)
Review Exercise 8-1 : Comparing [u] and [ü]
Review Exercise 8-2: Lax Vowels
Review Exercise 8-4: Bit or Beat? Bid or Bead?
Review Exercise 8-5: Tense and Lax Vowel Review Exercise
Review Exercise 8-6: Middle "I" List
Review Exercise 8-10: [ü] Paragraph
Review Exercise 8-11: [u] Paragraph
Review Exercise 9-1: Mind Your Vees
Review Exercise 10-1: S or Z?
Review Exercise 10-2: Sally at the Seashore
Review Exercise 10-3: Fuzzy Wuzzy
Review Exercise 11-1: Tense Vowels
Review Exercise 11-3: Lax Vowels
Review Exercise 11-7: Compound Nouns and Complex Verbs
Review Exercise 12-1: Nasal Consonants
Review Exercise 12-2: Ending Nasal Consonants
Review Exercise 12-3: Reading Nasal Consonant Sounds
Review Exercise 13-1: Throaty Consonants
Review Exercise 13-2: The Letter X
Review Exercise 13-3: Reading the H, K, G, NG, and R sounds
Nationality Guides
Important Point
Chinese Intonation Summary
Chinese
Intonation
Location of the Language
Japanese
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Стр. 9 из 185
The Japanese R = The American T
Location of the Language
Spanish
Intonation
Liaisons
Word Endings
Pronunciation
The Spanish S = The American S, But...
The Spanish R = The American T
The -ed Ending
The Final T
The Spanish D = The American Th (voiced)
The Spanish of Spain Z or C = The American Th (unvoiced)
The Spanish I = The American Y (not j)
The Doubled Spanish A Sound = The American O, All or AW Spelling
The Spanish O = The American OU
Location of the Language
Indian
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Location of the Language
Russian
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
The Russian R = The American Т
French
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Location in the Mouth
German
Intonation
Liaisons
Pronunciation
Korean
Intonation
Word Connections
Pronunciation
The Korean R = The American T
Answer Key
Exercise 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test
Exercise 1-15: Application of Stress
Exercise 1-17: Staircase Intonation Practice
Exercise 1-29: Making Set Phrases
Exercise 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns
Exercise 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test
Exercise 1-48: Regular Transitions of Adj. and Verbs
Exercise 1-23: Syllable Count Test
Exercise 1-51: Extended Listening Practice
Exercise 1-60: Tag Endings
Exercise 2-4: Consonant / Vowel Liaisons
Exercise 2-8: Consonant / Consonant Liaisons
Exercise 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaisons
Exercise 2-11 : T, D, S, or Z Liaisons
Exercise 2-12: Finding Liaisons and Glides
Exercise 2-16: Liaison Staircases
Exercise 3-2: Finding [æ], [ä] and [ə] Sounds
Стр. 10 из 185
Exercise 4-12: Finding American T Sounds
Exercise 1-51: Extended Listening Practice
Exercise 5-6: Finding L Sounds
Exercise 6-7: Finding the R Sound
Review Exercise B: Intonation Review Test
Exercise 7-2: Targeting the TH Sound
Exercise 8-8: Finding Reduced Sounds
Exercise 9-3: Finding V Sounds
Exercise 10-5: Finding S and Z Sounds
Exercise 11-2 and 11-4: Finding Tense (a, e, æ) and Lax Vowel Sounds (i, ə)
Exercise 12-4: Finding [n] and [ng] Sounds
Exercise 13-4: Glottal Consonant Practice
Review Section Answer Key
Review Ex. 1-4: Sentence Intonation Test
Review Ex. 1-35: Contrast of Compound Nouns
Review Ex. 1-36: Description and Set Phrase Test
Review Ex. 1-48: Adjective and Verb Transitions
Review Ex. 1-51: Extended Listening Practice
Review Ex. 1-60: Tag Endings
Review Ex. 2-4: Cons. / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-8: Cons. / Cons. Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-9: Vowel / Vowel Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-11 : T, D, S, or Z Liaison Practice
Review Ex. 2-12: Finding Liaisons and Glides
Review Ex. 3-4: Finding the æ, ä, ə, and d Sounds
Index
Symbols
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
М
N
О
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
X
Z
Table of Contents
Introduction: Read This First........................... iv
A Few Words On Pronunciation ................................. vii
Preliminary Diagnostic Analysis .................................. x
Chapter 1 American Intonation ....................................1
Staircase Intonation ...................................................... 5
Syllable Stress ............................................................ 19
Complex Intonation.................................................... 23
Two-Word Phrases...................................................... 24
Grammar in a Nutshell ............................................... 35
The Miracle Technique ............................................... 46
Reduced Sounds ......................................................... 48
Стр. 11 из 185
Word Groups and Phrasing......................................... 56
Chapter 2 Word Connections..................................... 59
Chapter 3 Cat? Caught? Cut? .................................... 71
Chapter 4 The American T ........................................ 77
Chapter 5 The El........................................................85
Voice Quality .............................................................. 94
Chapter 6 The American R ........................................ 95
Follow-up Diagnostic Analysis ................................ 100
Chapters 1-6 Review and Expansion .................... 101
Two-, Three- and Four-Word Phrases....................... 108
Chapter 7 Tee Aitch ................................................ 118
Chapter 8 More Reduced Sounds ........................... 121
Middle I List............................................................. 125
Intonation and Attitude ............................................. 128
Chapter 9 "V" as in Victory.................................... 129
Chapter 10 S or Z? ................................................. 131
Chapter 11 Tense and Lax Vowels ......................... 135
Grammar in a Bigger Nutshell.................................. 138
Chapter 12 Nasal Consonants ................................ 145
Chapter 13 Throaty Consonants............................. 147
Final Diagnostic Analysis......................................... 150
Chapters 1-13 Review and Expansion ................. 151
Nationality Guides.............................................. 172
Chinese ..................................................................... 173
Japanese.................................................................... 177
Spanish ..................................................................... 180
Indian........................................................................ 183
Russian ..................................................................... 186
French....................................................................... 188
German ..................................................................... 189
Korean ...................................................................... 191
Answer Key............................................................ 193
Index.......................................................................... 197
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Fluid Film Lubrication Download
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition page xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Background 1
1.2 Tribological Surfaces 2
1.3 Friction 7
Laws of Friction 9
Asperity Contact 12
Adhesion Theory of Friction 16
Junction Growth 17
Ploughing 19
Friction of Metals 20
Friction of Polymers 21
Friction of Ceramics 21
Thermal Effects of Friction 21
1.4 Wear 22
Sliding Wear 22
Abrasive Wear 28
1.5 Effect of Lubrication 29
Thick-film Lubrication 30
Mixed Lubrication 30
Boundary Lubrication 31
Solid Lubrication 31
1.6 Fluid Film Bearings 32
Hydrostatic Bearings 33
Hydrodynamic Bearings 35
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 37
1.7 Bearing Selection 37
Rubbing Bearings 38
Rolling-Element Bearings 38
Fluid Film Bearings 38
1.8 Nomenclature 50
1.9 References 50
2 Basic Equations 54
2.1 Fluid Mechanics 54
Kinematics 55
Velocity 57
Acceleration 57
The Transport Theorem 58
Equation of Continuity 59
Stress 60
Cauchy’s Equations of Motion 63
Constitutive Equations 63
General Motion of a Fluid Particle 65
Objectivity 67
The Navier–Stokes Equations 70
2.2 The Thin-Film Approximation 74
The Reynolds Equation 77
Practical Upper Bound for ε 82
2.3 Nomenclature 86
2.4 References 87
3 Thick-Film Lubrication 88
3.1 Externally Pressurized Bearings 88
Pad Characteristics 89
Optimization 91
Operation with Flow Restrictors 94
3.2 Journal Bearings 96
Short-Bearing Theory 100
Boundary Conditions 105
Long-Bearing Theory 109
Sommerfeld Condition 110
G‥umbel Condition 112
Swift-Stieber Conditions 112
Finite Journal Bearings 115
Cavitation Algorithm 117
3.3 Thrust Bearings 122
Plane Slider 122
Sector Thrust Bearing 127
3.4 Effects of Surface Topography 129
Surface Roughness 129
Statistical Methods 130
Homogenization 133
Surface Texturing 137
3.5 Nomenclature 141
3.6 References 143
4 Dynamic Properties of Lubricant Films 147
4.1 Fixed Pad 149
Linearized Force Coefficients 149
Analytical Solutions 153
Coordinate Transformations 155
4.2 Stability of a Flexible Rotor 156
4.3 Pivoted-Pad Journal Bearings 159
Pad Assembly Method 162
Pad Perturbation Method 171
4.4 Pivoted-Pad Thrust Bearing 173
4.5 Nomenclature 181
4.6 References 183
5 Effects of Fluid Inertia 184
5.1 Temporal Inertia Limit, Rε → 0,_
∗ ≥ 1 185
5.2 Convective Inertia Limit, _
∗ → 0,Rε ≥ 1 185
Journal Bearings 186
Hydrostatic Bearings 199
5.3 Total Inertia Limit, _
∗
/Rε → 1, Re ≥ 1 205
The Method of Small Perturbations 205
Squeeze Flow Between Parallel Plates 208
The Method of Averaged Inertia 213
5.4 Nomenclature 218
5.5 References 219
6 Flow Stability and Transition 222
6.1 Stability 223
Stability Criteria 223
Stability Analysis 225
Energy Stability 226
Linear Stability 227
Bifurcation Analysis 228
6.2 Flow between Concentric Cylinders 229
6.3 Flow between Eccentric Cylinders 232
Critical Reynolds Number 235
Local Iteration 238
6.4 Rotating Disk Flows 243
Linear Stability Analysis 244
6.5 Nomenclature 248
6.6 References 249
7 Turbulence 254
7.1 Equations of Turbulent Motion 254
7.2 Turbulence Models 259
7.3 Constantinescu’s Model 264
7.4 Ng-Pan-Elrod Model 269
7.5 Bulk Flow Model of Hirs 274
7.6 Turbulence with Inertia Retained 279
Method of Averaged Inertia 279
7.7 Nomenclature 281
7.8 References 283
8 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 285
8.1 Rigid Cylinder Rolling on a Plane 285
8.2 Elastohydrodynamic Theory 288
8.3 Contact Mechanics 295
8.4 Nondimensional Groups 299
Lubrication Regimes 300
Film-Thickness Design Formulas 303
8.5 Analysis of the Line Contact Problem 304
Elastic Deformation 304
Problem Formulation 307
Numerical Considerations 309
8.6 Analysis of the Point Contact Problem 313
Relaxation 314
The Multigrid (MG) Method 317
Application to Linear Operators 317
The Intergrid Operators 320
Application to Nonlinear Operators 321
Problem Formulation 323
Multilevel Multi-Integration 329
8.7 Rolling-Contact Bearings 332
Bearing Types 333
Rolling Friction 337
Frictional Losses in Rolling Contact Bearings 338
Specific Dynamic Capacity and Life 339
Specific Static Capacity 342
Fatigue Wear Out 342
8.8 Minimum Film Thickness Calculations 342
Nominal Line Contact 342
Nominal Point Contact 344
8.9 Nomenclature 346
8.10 References 347
9 Thermal Effects 351
9.1 Effective Viscosity 351
9.2 Thermohydrodynamic Theory 357
The Energy Equation 357
The Pressure Equation 365
9.3 Journal Bearings 367
Bearing Temperature 367
The Role of Nondimensional Parameters 369
Friction Factor 371
Journal Locus and Dynamic Coefficients 372
Thermal Deformation 373
9.4 Thrust Bearings 376
The Pressure Equation 377
The Energy Equation 379
The Heat Conduction Equation 381
Pad Deformation 381
9.5 Nomenclature 385
9.6 References 386
10 Lubrication with Non-Newtonian Fluids 389
10.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 390
Summary of Previous Work 390
Lubrication with Power Law Fluid 391
Fluids of the Differential Type 393
Lubrication with a Third Grade Fluid 396
10.2 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 402
Constitutive Models 403
A Generalized non-Newtonian Reynolds Equation for EHL 406
10.3 Quantitative Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) 411
10.4 The Piezoviscous Fluid 416
10.5 Lubrication with Emulsions 421
Fundamentals of Mixture Theory 422
Constitutive Model 424
Lubrication Approximation 426
Applications 427
10.6 Blood as Lubricant 431
The Rheology of Blood 433
Rheological Models 435
Blood Trauma Models 437
10.7 Nomenclature 440
10.8 References 442
11 Gas Lubrication 451
11.1 Reynolds Equation for Gas Lubricant 453
11.2 Self Acting Gas Bearings 455
Journal Bearings 457
Infinitely Long Step Slider 460
11.3 Nomenclature 464
11.4 References 464
12 Molecularly Thin Films 466
12.1 Gas Flow 467
Velocity Slip at the Boundary 468
Molecular Gas Lubrication 476
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo 480
12.2 Liquid Flow 483
Molecular Dynamics Simulation 483
Velocity Slip at Solid Boundary 484
Density Oscillation Near Solid Boundary 491
Interactive Force Between Closely Spaced Solid Surfaces 492
Van der Waals Forces 493
Double-Layer Forces 494
Solvation Forces 494
Response to Shear 501
Ultrathin Film Lubrication 504
12.3 Nomenclature 505
12.4 References 506
13 Biotribology 511
Lubrication of Articular Joints 511
13.1 Natural Joints 512
Properties of the Cartilage 512
Elastohydrodynamic Models 513
Boosted Lubrication 515
Weeping Lubrication 516
Biphasic Models 517
Boundary Lubrication 520
13.2 Artificial Joints 525
Types of Total Hip Replacement (THR) 525
Mathematical Modeling 527
Hard-on-Soft THR 530
Hard-on-Hard THR 533
13.3 Nomenclature 537
13.4 References 537
Index 543
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition page xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Background 1
1.2 Tribological Surfaces 2
1.3 Friction 7
Laws of Friction 9
Asperity Contact 12
Adhesion Theory of Friction 16
Junction Growth 17
Ploughing 19
Friction of Metals 20
Friction of Polymers 21
Friction of Ceramics 21
Thermal Effects of Friction 21
1.4 Wear 22
Sliding Wear 22
Abrasive Wear 28
1.5 Effect of Lubrication 29
Thick-film Lubrication 30
Mixed Lubrication 30
Boundary Lubrication 31
Solid Lubrication 31
1.6 Fluid Film Bearings 32
Hydrostatic Bearings 33
Hydrodynamic Bearings 35
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 37
1.7 Bearing Selection 37
Rubbing Bearings 38
Rolling-Element Bearings 38
Fluid Film Bearings 38
1.8 Nomenclature 50
1.9 References 50
2 Basic Equations 54
2.1 Fluid Mechanics 54
Kinematics 55
Velocity 57
Acceleration 57
The Transport Theorem 58
Equation of Continuity 59
Stress 60
Cauchy’s Equations of Motion 63
Constitutive Equations 63
General Motion of a Fluid Particle 65
Objectivity 67
The Navier–Stokes Equations 70
2.2 The Thin-Film Approximation 74
The Reynolds Equation 77
Practical Upper Bound for ε 82
2.3 Nomenclature 86
2.4 References 87
3 Thick-Film Lubrication 88
3.1 Externally Pressurized Bearings 88
Pad Characteristics 89
Optimization 91
Operation with Flow Restrictors 94
3.2 Journal Bearings 96
Short-Bearing Theory 100
Boundary Conditions 105
Long-Bearing Theory 109
Sommerfeld Condition 110
G‥umbel Condition 112
Swift-Stieber Conditions 112
Finite Journal Bearings 115
Cavitation Algorithm 117
3.3 Thrust Bearings 122
Plane Slider 122
Sector Thrust Bearing 127
3.4 Effects of Surface Topography 129
Surface Roughness 129
Statistical Methods 130
Homogenization 133
Surface Texturing 137
3.5 Nomenclature 141
3.6 References 143
4 Dynamic Properties of Lubricant Films 147
4.1 Fixed Pad 149
Linearized Force Coefficients 149
Analytical Solutions 153
Coordinate Transformations 155
4.2 Stability of a Flexible Rotor 156
4.3 Pivoted-Pad Journal Bearings 159
Pad Assembly Method 162
Pad Perturbation Method 171
4.4 Pivoted-Pad Thrust Bearing 173
4.5 Nomenclature 181
4.6 References 183
5 Effects of Fluid Inertia 184
5.1 Temporal Inertia Limit, Rε → 0,_
∗ ≥ 1 185
5.2 Convective Inertia Limit, _
∗ → 0,Rε ≥ 1 185
Journal Bearings 186
Hydrostatic Bearings 199
5.3 Total Inertia Limit, _
∗
/Rε → 1, Re ≥ 1 205
The Method of Small Perturbations 205
Squeeze Flow Between Parallel Plates 208
The Method of Averaged Inertia 213
5.4 Nomenclature 218
5.5 References 219
6 Flow Stability and Transition 222
6.1 Stability 223
Stability Criteria 223
Stability Analysis 225
Energy Stability 226
Linear Stability 227
Bifurcation Analysis 228
6.2 Flow between Concentric Cylinders 229
6.3 Flow between Eccentric Cylinders 232
Critical Reynolds Number 235
Local Iteration 238
6.4 Rotating Disk Flows 243
Linear Stability Analysis 244
6.5 Nomenclature 248
6.6 References 249
7 Turbulence 254
7.1 Equations of Turbulent Motion 254
7.2 Turbulence Models 259
7.3 Constantinescu’s Model 264
7.4 Ng-Pan-Elrod Model 269
7.5 Bulk Flow Model of Hirs 274
7.6 Turbulence with Inertia Retained 279
Method of Averaged Inertia 279
7.7 Nomenclature 281
7.8 References 283
8 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 285
8.1 Rigid Cylinder Rolling on a Plane 285
8.2 Elastohydrodynamic Theory 288
8.3 Contact Mechanics 295
8.4 Nondimensional Groups 299
Lubrication Regimes 300
Film-Thickness Design Formulas 303
8.5 Analysis of the Line Contact Problem 304
Elastic Deformation 304
Problem Formulation 307
Numerical Considerations 309
8.6 Analysis of the Point Contact Problem 313
Relaxation 314
The Multigrid (MG) Method 317
Application to Linear Operators 317
The Intergrid Operators 320
Application to Nonlinear Operators 321
Problem Formulation 323
Multilevel Multi-Integration 329
8.7 Rolling-Contact Bearings 332
Bearing Types 333
Rolling Friction 337
Frictional Losses in Rolling Contact Bearings 338
Specific Dynamic Capacity and Life 339
Specific Static Capacity 342
Fatigue Wear Out 342
8.8 Minimum Film Thickness Calculations 342
Nominal Line Contact 342
Nominal Point Contact 344
8.9 Nomenclature 346
8.10 References 347
9 Thermal Effects 351
9.1 Effective Viscosity 351
9.2 Thermohydrodynamic Theory 357
The Energy Equation 357
The Pressure Equation 365
9.3 Journal Bearings 367
Bearing Temperature 367
The Role of Nondimensional Parameters 369
Friction Factor 371
Journal Locus and Dynamic Coefficients 372
Thermal Deformation 373
9.4 Thrust Bearings 376
The Pressure Equation 377
The Energy Equation 379
The Heat Conduction Equation 381
Pad Deformation 381
9.5 Nomenclature 385
9.6 References 386
10 Lubrication with Non-Newtonian Fluids 389
10.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 390
Summary of Previous Work 390
Lubrication with Power Law Fluid 391
Fluids of the Differential Type 393
Lubrication with a Third Grade Fluid 396
10.2 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 402
Constitutive Models 403
A Generalized non-Newtonian Reynolds Equation for EHL 406
10.3 Quantitative Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) 411
10.4 The Piezoviscous Fluid 416
10.5 Lubrication with Emulsions 421
Fundamentals of Mixture Theory 422
Constitutive Model 424
Lubrication Approximation 426
Applications 427
10.6 Blood as Lubricant 431
The Rheology of Blood 433
Rheological Models 435
Blood Trauma Models 437
10.7 Nomenclature 440
10.8 References 442
11 Gas Lubrication 451
11.1 Reynolds Equation for Gas Lubricant 453
11.2 Self Acting Gas Bearings 455
Journal Bearings 457
Infinitely Long Step Slider 460
11.3 Nomenclature 464
11.4 References 464
12 Molecularly Thin Films 466
12.1 Gas Flow 467
Velocity Slip at the Boundary 468
Molecular Gas Lubrication 476
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo 480
12.2 Liquid Flow 483
Molecular Dynamics Simulation 483
Velocity Slip at Solid Boundary 484
Density Oscillation Near Solid Boundary 491
Interactive Force Between Closely Spaced Solid Surfaces 492
Van der Waals Forces 493
Double-Layer Forces 494
Solvation Forces 494
Response to Shear 501
Ultrathin Film Lubrication 504
12.3 Nomenclature 505
12.4 References 506
13 Biotribology 511
Lubrication of Articular Joints 511
13.1 Natural Joints 512
Properties of the Cartilage 512
Elastohydrodynamic Models 513
Boosted Lubrication 515
Weeping Lubrication 516
Biphasic Models 517
Boundary Lubrication 520
13.2 Artificial Joints 525
Types of Total Hip Replacement (THR) 525
Mathematical Modeling 527
Hard-on-Soft THR 530
Hard-on-Hard THR 533
13.3 Nomenclature 537
13.4 References 537
Index 543
 THE WORLD ALMANAC AND BOOK OF FACTS 2011 Download |
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